THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


LAWYER 

LAS,  lltt* 


ABBREVIATED 
LONGHAND 

A  Manual  Of  Short  Forms 
For     Longhand     Writers, 

Placing  within  their  reach  an  ultimate  efficiency  equalling 
that  commonly  sought  thru   shorthand  in  its   popular 
use,  and  necessitating  the  learning  of  only  the  sim- 
plest adjuncts  to  make  immediately  available 
a  substantial  increase  of  speed. 

ADAPTED  TO  ALL  THE  POPULAR  USES  OF  BRIEF  WRITING 
AND  FOR  ADOPTION  IN  THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS. 

BY  ANGUS  B.  WEAVER 

SHORTHAND    REPORTER 

[Since  1890  engaged  continuously  in  court,  convention  and  general  verbatim  reporting.] 


PUBLISHED      BY     THE     AUTHOR 

BUFFALO        N .     Y 


London  : 
ROBERT  CULLEY 

2  Castle  Street,  City  Road 
and  26    Paternoster    Row. 


Toronto  : 
WILLIAM  BRIGGS 


ENTERED  ACCORDING  TO  ACT  Of  CONGRESS.  IN 
THE  YEAR  190S.  Br  ANGUS  B.  WEAVER.  *l  N  THE 
OFFICE    OF      THE      LIBRARIAN     OF      CONGRESS,      AT 

WASHINGTON. 

ENTERED  AT    STATIONERS'  HALL 
ALL  RIGHTS  RESERVED. 


UU3*-/  & 

ABBREVIATED  LONGHAND. 

"The  popularization  of  phonographic  shorthand  failed  utterly, 
despite  the  prodigous  efforts  of  Sir  Isaac  Pitman  and  others." 

"On  the  whole,  I  believe  there  are  more  people  who  have  taken 
up  shorthand,  used  it  as  a  plaything  and  dropped  it,  than  is  the  case 
with  any  other  occupation." 

"No  matter  how  much  we  explain,  the  general  public  seems  to 
think  that  a  knowledge  of  short"" ->nd  writing  can  be  'picked  up'  in  a 
few  weeks  or  'three  months,'  as  t  any  advertisements  read,  with- 
out genuine  hard  study  and  practice." 

"There  is  no  professional  subject  that  I  know  of  before  the  whole 
country  upon  which  the  public  is  so  grossly  ignorant  as  on  the  subject 
of  shorthand  writing." 

"Stenography  is  a  faithful  servant  when  well  mastered,  but  a 
merciless  master  when  poorly  served.  It  has  been  a  veritable  Klon- 
dike in  its  attraction  for  multitudes  who  have  heedlessly  set  out,  igno- 
rant of   the   requirements   ..  .   only     to    turn     back     discouraged     or 

to  perish  by  the  way." 
>- 

2^  "If  all  that  has  been  said  and  written  during  the  past  twenty 

oc  years  upon  the  subject  of  preparation  for  shorthand  work,  could  be 
£  collected  together,  it  would  make  a  large  volume,  and  yet  I  doubt  if 
we  have  made  much  progress  toward  the  end  sought  to  be  accom- 
plished. The  failure  to  accomplish  this  arises  from  the  fact  that  we 
^  do  not  reach  the  people  whom  we  seek  to  benefit  until  it  is  too  late*. 
S?  Very  few  take  phonographic  magazines  or  read  the  published  proceed- 
10  ings  of  our  associations  until  after  they  have  studied  the  art  and 
a     have  been  graduated  from  some  of  our  schools." 

"A  possession  little  understood,  it  is  only  those  who  have  it  who 
know  how  to  estimate  it." 

M  "Another  fallacy  which  has  been  persistently  fostered,  often  to 

J  the  disappointment  and  discouragement  of  really  worthy  students,  is 
P  in  regard  to  the  length  of  time  required  to  master  the  art.  .Not  only 
H  in  hundreds  of  newspapers,  but  even  on  billboards  and  fences,  wc 
meet  flaming  advertisements  of  'Shorthand  in  six  months,'  'Short- 
hand in  three  months,'  'Shorthand  in  thirty  days,'  and  even  'Short- 
hand in  six  hours!'  So  great  is  the  popular  ignorance  on  this  subject 
that  thousands  of  victims  are  found  every  year  who  are  willing  to 
invest  their  money  on  the  faith  of  these  glittering  promises." 

Extracts  from  proceedings  of  New  York  State  (Court)  Stenog- 
raphers' Association,  Conventions  of  1895,  1897,  1903,  1906. 

Proceedings  National  Shorthand  Reporters'  Association  (IT.  S.  A.) 
Convention  of  1901. 


60 


452148 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2007 


http://archive.org/details/abbreviatedlonghOOweaviala 


PREFACE. 

Abbreviated  Longhand  is  a  strictly  utilitarian  response 
to  a  practical  need  felt  by  many  persons,  engaged  in  various 
callings,  who  would  gladly  use  brief  writing  as  an  accessory 
equipment,  but  who  have  not  the  time  or  the  inclination  to 
undertake  for  that  purpose  the  pursuit  of  a  full-fledged  pro- 
fession so  technical  as  that  of  shorthand  and  demanding  for 
its  mastery  in  any  practical  sense  virtually  the  same  amount 
of  time  and  application  as  would  procure  a  diploma  in  law. 
medicine  or  engineering.  Despite  the  expectations  enter- 
tained in  the  earlier  history  of  shorthand  as  to  the  efficacy  of 
that  method  in  an  elementary,  or  popular,  sphere,  and  the 
sanguine  co-operation  of  the  public  in  the  attempt  so  to  use  it, 
the  subsequent  history  of  the  art  has  wrought  out  a  variation 
from  original  forecasts  not  unlike  that  which  has  marked, 
in  their  respective  realms,  the  progress  of  many  other  eco- 
nomic arts.  While  the  efficacy  of  shorthand,  and  the  extent 
of  its  application,  in  the  field  of  expert,  or  professional, 
service,  have  exceeded  all  expectations;  in  the  field  of  ele 
mentary.  or  popular,  service  predicted  for  it,  it  has  fallvn 
practically  into  disuse.  While  this  outcome  has  been  recog- 
nized quite  generally  by  practical  stenographers;  and  has 
been  a  subject  of  frequent  comment  in  the  literature  of  that 
profession,  the  general  public  has  been  slow  to  comprehend 
that  a  method  which  Mas  meeting  so  "successfully  the  extreme 
requirements  of  the  verbatim  reporter,  not  to  speak  of  the 
more  moderate  requirements  of  the  amanuensis,  in  the  work 
of  office  dictation,  should  not  also  meet  the  merely  element- 
ary requirements  of  the  amateur  or  casual  writer.  This 
inference,  so  plausible  and  so  widely  held,  has  been  responsi- 
ble for  an  enormous  waste  of  time  and  effort  in  the  numerous 

5 


attempts  of  the  past  to  acquire  a  partial  facility  in  shorthand 
thru  a  partial  mastery  of  its  principles.  This  ''indulgent" 
use,  however,  is  the  very  thing  which  shorthand  denies. 
"Writing  a  little  shorthand"  is  like  "speaking  a  little 
French,"  in  that  it  is  useless  as  a  working  medium  of  ex- 
pression. Until  mastered  as  a  whole  it  must  remain  a  mere 
plaything,  incapable  of  performing  any  practical  service. 

The  purpose  of  Abbreviated  Longhand  is  to  furnish  a 
medium  which  not  only  is  efficient  when  acquired,  but  which 
lends  itself  to  any  degree  of  facility  desired,  beginning  at  the 
most  elementary  and  continuing  to  the  highest,  and  the  advan- 
tages of  which  consist  not  alone  in  the  method  itself,  but 
quite  as  much  in  the  manner  of  its  acquisition,  both  of  whieh 
are  specifically  adapted  to  the  previous  training  and  habits 
of  longhand  writers. 

The  adaptation  of  the  forms  employed  is  the  fruit  of 
thoro  and  painstaking  study  on  the  part  of  the  author, 
whose  facilities  for  this  work  have  been  the  most  practical 
and  extensive.  Their  utility  has  been  demonstrated  by  actual 
test.  Utility,  indeed,  has  been  the  controlling  consideration 
as  to  every  detail  of  their  adoption,  from  the  conviction  that, 
for  the  specific  purpose  intended,  any  slight  departure  from 
symmetry  of  form  will  be  gratefully  condoned  in  actual 
practise  for  the  sake  of  gaining  a  practical  object  in  a  prac- 
tical way. 

Inasmuch  as  some  of  the  features  which  necessarily  enter 
into  an  intelligent  estimate  of  the  relative  merits  of  Abbre- 
viated Longhand,  are  not  generally  well  understood,  they 
have  been  deemed  worthy  of  explanation,  even  at  the  risk 
of  exceeding  somewhat  the  conventional  proportions  of  a 
preface  and  introduction,  in  order  that  their  significance 
may  not  lie  undervalued. 

6 


The  Limitations  of  Shorthand. 

The  whole  history  of  shorthand  has  proved  that  its  pop- 
ular usefulness  is  slight.  Such  a  mastery  of  its  technique 
as  can  be  acquired  by  people  who  are  engaged  in  other  pur- 
suits, and  are  therefore  limited  to  a  more  or  less  casual 
study  and  practice,  is  not  sufficient  to  give  an  economic 
facility  in  its  use  even  for  elementary  purposes.  In  proof 
of  this  statement  it  is  only  necessary  to  call  attention  to  the 
well  known  fact  that  tho  thousands  of  lay  writers  make  the 
effort  every  year  to  "learn  a  little  shorthand,"  the  art  is 
being  used  to-day.  with  rare  exceptions,  only  by  those  who 
make  it  a  profession. 

The  Estimated  Capacity. 
At  best,  the  amateur  writer  seldom  expects,  in  taking 
up  the  study  of  shorthand,  to  get  a  speed  of  more  than  from 
eighty  to  a  hundred  words  a  minute,  if  he  should  succeed, 
knowing  that  that  rate  would  be  sufficient  for  a  large  pro- 
portion of  office  dictation  and  for  the  many  other  varieties 
of  work  that  such  a  writer  would  undertake  to  do,  and  that 
a  very  large  proportion  even  of  those  who  follow  stenography 
as  a  calling  never  reach  a  higher  speed. 

The  Actual  Result. 

As  a  matter  of  fact  the  non-professional  writer  gener- 
ally becomes  discouraged  and  drops  his  shorthand  before  he 
has  attained  any  practical  facility  whatever,  thus  failing 
of  any  benefit  from  such  time,  labor  and  expense  as  he  may 
have  put  into  the  undertaking. 
Abbreviated  Longhand  as  Speedy  and  Thoroly  Practical. 

In  view  of  the  fact  that  the  utmost  speed  available  thru 
shorthand  to  this  class  of  writers,  even  when  successful,  is 
available  thru  the  much  more  practical  and  easily  acquired 

7 


medium  of  abbreviated  longhand,  this  latter  means  lias  been 
neglected  strangely  in  all  efforts  heretofore  to  meet  the  pop- 
ular demand  for  a  really  simple  method  of  brief  writing. 

The  Theoretical  Simplicity  of  Shorthand  the  Cause  of  Its 
Intricacy  in  Practise. 
The  efforts  to  meet  this  popular  demand  have  been 
directed  invariably  toward  the  simplification  of  shorthand, 
whereas  the  very  simplicity,  theoretically,  of  the  basic  struc- 
ture of  that  method,  i.  e.,  its  stem  chirography,  made  up  of 
simple  geometric  lines,  constitutes  already  the  chief,  if  not 
the  only,  obstacle  to  its  easy  acquisition  in  practise.  This 
primitiveness  of  the  shorthand  alphabet  introduces  two  car- 
dinal limitations  which  defeat  its  usefulness  in  non-expert  ser- 
vice. These  are,  first,  the  necessity  for  extrenn  mathemat- 
ical exactness  in  tin  writing  of  mam/  lines  at  thi  minutest 
variations  of  angle,  and  the  high  degree  of  skill  indispensable 
to  that  performance;  and,  second,  a  UneaUty  so  vague  and 
intangible  that  it  conveys  too  little  of  distinct  in  form  to 
the  mind  of  the  reader,  even  when  written  absolutely  to 
scale,  a  feat  which  is  never  possible  in  practise.  It  is  the 
intensified  training  of  faculties  to  surmount  these  funda- 
mental obstacles  which  calls  for  the  insistent  practise  so 
essential  to  a  working  facility  with  the  hair-like  stems  of 
shorthand,  and  not  the  mere  learning  of  the  theory  of  the 
art,  which  is  a  matter  of  only  a  few  weeks  or  months  in  any 
event. 

Dearth  of  Distinctive  Forms. 

All  shorthand  systems  rely  alike  for  their  alphabetic 
basis  upon  geometric  lines.  This  limits  them  fundamentally 
to  two  characters,  the  straight  and  the  curved  stem.  While 
it    would   seem   theoretically  the   easiest   thing  imaginable  to 

8 


master  a  method  of  writing  in  which  but  two  characters  need 
be  learned,  it  is  this  very  limitation  which  lies  at  the  root 
of  the  difficulties  met  with  in  practise.  In  place  of  the  clear 
distinctions  of  form  afforded  by  the  longhand  letters,  the 
shorthand  alphabet  is  confined  for  its  distinctions  to  the 
direction  of  writing  its  two  primitive  stems,  and  therefore 
denotes  the  corresponding  sounds,  not  by  so  many  distinctive 
characters,  as  in  longhand,  but  by  two  characters  only,  writ- 
ten at  different  angles.  Thus  the  fewer  the  characters,  the 
greater  the  refinement  of  their  distinctions.   ' 

Refinements  Further  Refined. 

In  addition  to  this  diversity  of  angle,  the  stems  are  fur- 
ther diversified  by  two  degrees  of  shading,  known  as  heavy 
and  light,  and  by  three  degrees  of  length,  known  as  full,  (or 
normal.)  length,  half  length  and  double  length.  A  few  sys- 
tems in  which  the  shading  feature  is  discarded,  rely  on  treat- 
ing the  sound  distinctions  associated  with  shading  as  a  negli- 
gible factor,  (thereby  transferring  the  burden  of  these  dis- 
tinctions from  the  hand  to  the  brain,  in  the  act  of  reading), 
or  else  are  obliged  to  draw  for  such  distinctions  upon  other 
material  which  is  reserved  in  the  shaded  systems  for  other 
purposes. 

The  Distinctions  of  the  Longhand  Alphabet  only  Approx- 
imated by  the  Stems  in  Shorthand  Practise. 
The  stems  in  these  varying  angles,  shadings  and  dimen- 
sions, are  intermingled  in  every  conceivable  combination,  and, 
even  with  the  utmost  accuracy  humanly  attainable  in  writing 
them,  the  eye  and  the  mind  of  the  reader  must  compensate  for, 
and  supply,  from  the  context  of  the  subject  matter,  innumer- 
able lapses  from  that  exact  indication  which  the  longhand 
letters  afford  as  a  matter  of  course,  even  when  the  latter  are 

9 


written  with  considerable  looseness.  This  compensating  pro- 
cess calls  for  the  exercise  of  faculties  highly  specialized,  and 
accounts  largely  for  the  proverbial  inability  of  so  many 
stenographers  to  read  their  notes. 

Vagueness  of  Impressions  Conveyed  by  Hair  Lines. 

Moreover,  not  only  experience  in  reading,  but  also  study 
of  the  functions  involved  therein,  have  shown  that  the  eye 
and  the  brain  demand  for  easy  reading,  and  for  ready  refer- 
ence, characters  having  a  certain  body  and  breadth,  whereas 
the  hair-like  stems  of  shorthand  impart  to  its  lineality  an 
elnsiveness  of  mental  grasp  which  adds  a  further  obstacle 
to  facility,  and  which  in  turn  is  not  overcome  until  a  high 
degree  of  skill  in  this  particular  direction  has  been  attained. 

Ths  Cumulative  Penalties  of  a  Primitive  Alphabet. 
It  will  be  seen  readily  from  the  foregoing  comparisons, 
not  to  speak  of  others  which  might  be  pointed  out,  that  both 
the  writing  and  reading  of  shorthand  are  attended  by  intri- 
cacies wholly  unknown  to  the  substantial  and  distinctive  let- 
ters of  the  longhand  print  and  script.  Until  the  obstacles  to 
facility  presented  by  these  intricacies  are  overcome  by  a  pro- 
longed and  persistent  course  of  training,  the  attention  of  the 
writer  and  reader  is  so  absorbed  in  the  mere  process  of  execu- 
tion that  he  cannot  fix  his  mind  upon  the  subject  matter  with 
which  he  may  be  dealing  sufficiently  to  make  the  operation 
of  any  practical  service. 

The  "Theory"  Only  the  Portal. 
The  completed  process  of  learning  shorthand,  therefore, 
eomprises  two  stages.  The  first  is  covered  when  the  student 
has  mastered  its  alphabet  and  the  rules  by  which  it  is  to  be 
written,  which,  as  stated  already,  are  extremely  simple  in 
nearly  all  the  systems  extant.    The  second  stage  is  that  which 

10 


has  been  accomplished  when  he  has  learned,  not  merely  how 
his  alphabet  should  be  used,  but  to  execute  with  the  minutest 
precision  its  fine  distinctions,  with  the  same  mechanical  facility 
as  in  the  free  longhand  writing,  and  to  correct,  in  reading, 
by  a  skilful  subtlety  of  suggestion,  a  multitude  of  unavoid- 
able inaccuracies  such  as  are  wholly  foreign  to  the  longhand 
script. 

The  Secret  of  Shorthand  Failures. 

It  is  for  the  lack  of  time,  or  opportunit3%  or  incentive, 
to  prosecute  to  the  end  this  latter  course  of  training,  that 
students  who  do  not  pursue  the  art  as  a  profession,  thereby 
keeping  up  an  uninterrupted  and  persistent  application,  are 
dropping  it  by  the  thousands  every  year,  on  finding  sooner 
or  later  that  at  the  conclusion  of  the  species  of  learning  that 
can  be  accomplished  in  a  few  weeks  or  months,  they  have  only 
prepared  themselves  to  begin  the  serious  study  which  is  a  pre- 
requisite of  practical  efficiency  for  any  purpose,  alike  in  the 
field  of  the  amateur  and  the  professional  stenographer. 

All  Effort  Short  of  Completion  Wasted. 

In  the  meantime  the  characteristics  of  shorthand  are 
such  that  it  cannot  be  put  to  ready  service  at  all  until  the 
method  is  acquired  as  a  whole.  Its  entire  technique  must  be 
taken  up  simultaneously,  and  any  part  that  has  been 
learned  is  wasted  unless  one  carries  the  method  to  completion. 

The  Moiety  of  Shorthand  That  is  Practical. 

With  regard  to  the  auxiliary  resources  of  shorthand,  con- 
sisting of  the  hook,  the  circle,  the  loop,  the  detached  vowel 
signs,  the  word-signs  and  the  writing  of  words  in  position, 
so  called,  all  of  these  combine  the  acme  of  brevity  with  the 
utmost  adaptability  to  easy  use  by  the  non-expert  writer, 
when  once  learned  in  their  simple  theory.    Yet  nearly  all  the 

11 


attempts  made  for  the  simplification  of  shorthand  have  been 
confined  to  a  manipulation  and  readjustment  of  this  or  that 
minor  detail  in  the  application  of  these  auxiliaries.  The  result 
has  been  that  the  saving,  it*  any.  effected  in  the  compara- 
tively trivial  matter  of  preliminary  work  in  learning  the 
theory,  has  of  necessity  been  insignificant,  while  there  has 
been  generally  a  sacrifice  of  brevity,  and  often  of  legibility; 
and  the  student  has  been  left  in  the  end  with  a  method  which 
still  retained  the  inherent  defects  of  the  linear  alphabet,  the 
only  obstacle  to  his  success. 

ABBREVIATED    LONGHAND    DISTINGUISHED. 

The  method  herein  presented  is  distinguished  radically 
from  shorthand  by  its  possession  of  the  following  advantages 
adapting  it  to  popular  use: 

Technical  Skill  Unnecessary. 

1.  As  the  title  of  the  .Manual  implies.  Abbreviated  Long' 
hand  consists  of  a  series  of  Short  Forms  for  Longhand 
"Writers;  that  is.  forms  which  can  be  "picked  up"  and  used 
in  connection  with  the  ordinary  longhand  alphabet,  and  which 
do  not  involve  expert  training  and  skill,  but  can  be  adopted 
largely  at  sight  in  actual  work. 

The  Forms  Used  Independently. 

2.  These  forms  are  interchangeable  with  the  ordinary 
longhand,  and  may,  therefore,  be  used  in  whole  or  in  any 
part,  at  the  option  of  each  writer,  according  to  the  degree 
<>f  condensation  which  he  desires  to  adopt.  They  can  be  put 
to  use  in  his  routine  work  either  singly  or  a  few  at  a  time 
from  the  very  start,  thus  admitting  of  an  immediate  and  ever 
increasing  gain  in  speed,  by  a  gradual  and  natural  process, 
without  the  necessity  of  a  stated  and  laborious  course  of  prac- 
tise   for   the   mastery   of  an   entire   "system"   and   a   compli- 

12 


eated  and  difficult  technique,  before  beginning  any  practical 
use  thereof,  as  in  shorthand. 

A  Useful  Gain  at  Sight;  a ' Substantial  Further  Gain  as  an 
Immediate  Sequence. 
'3.  The  use  of  the  forms  in  a  partial  or  purely  elementary 
style  of  abbreviation,  can  be  learned  at  a  few  readings,  so  as 
to  give  a  most  useful  gain  in  speed,  and  one's  normal  long- 
hand rate  can  be  doubled  or  trebled  within  a  very  short  time. 

Shorthand  Speed  by  a  Method  Which  is  Quicker,  Easier 

and  Sure. 

4.  The  forms  used  comprehensively  will  afford  a  facility, 
as  already  stated,  equalling  that  which,  at  best,  is  accessible 
to  the  amateur  writer  of  shorthand,  and  even  to  many  who 
follow  it  as  a  calling,  but  thru  a  method  much  more  easily 
and  quickly  acquired,  and  which  is  sure  of  results. 

Nothing  is  Wasted. 

5.  The  forms  are  available  in  actual  use  as  fast  as  they 
are  learned,  thus  ensuring  a  highly  profitable  return  upon 
the  comparatively  slight  amount  of  time  and  effort  devoted 
to  their  acquisition,  even  should  they  not  be  adopted  in  their 
entirety.  That  is,  one  does  not  sacrifice  his  investment  of 
time  and  labor  by  reason  of  only  partially  completing  his 
equipment,  since  whatever  has  been  learned  can  be  used. 

Already  Largely  Acquired. 

6.  The  outlines  are  based  upon  the  longhand  alphabet, 
the  legibility  of  which  is  absolute,  and  its  execution  is  already 
acquired.  This  is  utilized  in  substitution  for  that  feature  of 
shorthand  which  constitutes  its  most  technical  and  its  only 
impracticable  element. 

13 


Self -Instruction. 
7.  The  trouble  and  expense  of  a  stated  course  of  pre- 
liminary practise,  under  the  guidance  of  a  teacher,  are  un- 
necessary at  any  stage,  assuming  on  the  part  of  the  writer 
such  a  familiarity  with  words  as  enables  him  to  use  abbrevi- 
ated spelling  as  ordinarily  practised  by  longhand  writers; 
and  even  b}r  any  for  whom  such  abbreviated  spelling  would 
be  difficult,  nearly  all  the  brief  forms  can  be  used  in  connec- 
tion with  the  full  spelling. 

For  All  Who  Cannot  be  Skilled  Stenographers. 
By  reason  of  the  foregoing  advantages,  among  others 
more  fully  set  forth  in  the  introduction  which  follows, 
Abbreviated  Longhand  is  adapted  pre-eminently  to  the  needs 
of  College  Students,  Newspaper  Reporters,  Office  Assistants, 
Secretaries.  Correspondents,  Lawyers,  Clergymen,  Physicians, 
Business  Men,  and  Notetakers  and  writers  in  general,  to  whom 
brief  writing  is  a  desideratum,  providing  that  it  can  be  ac- 
quired thru  an  outlay  of  time  and  effort  consistent  with  other 
primary  vocations,  and  can  be  used  in  a  natural  and  prac- 
tical way. 


14 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  Expedients  of  Abbreviated  Longhand  and  Their  Aptness 
for  Non-expert  Use. 

The  abbreviating  forms  given  herein  consist  in  the  main 
of  the  Initial  Vowel  Tick,  the  Strokes  used  for  certain  con- 
sonantal endings.  Special  Contractions  for  frequently  recur- 
ring prefixes  and  suffixes,  the  Capitalizing  Principle  for  add- 
ing k  and  g  to  preceding  letters,  the  Lengthening  Principle 
for  denoting  the  same  consonant  repeated,  an  optional  use 
of  the  stem  so  elemental  as  not  to  interfere  with  the  domi- 
nancy  of  the  script  letters,  yet  utilizing,  within  practical  lim- 
its, the  great  advantages  of  this  simple  character,  simply  used, 
in  point  of  brevity,  and  a  general  exposition  of  the  terminal 
modifications  employed  in  shorthand,  consisting  of  the  hook, 
the  circle  and  the  loop.  All  the  foregoing  expedients  lend 
themselves  most  naturally,  with  a  few  exceptions  noted  in 
their  proper  order,  to  use  in  combination  with  the  script 
letters  as  a  basis,  on  the  same  general  plan  by  which  in  short- 
hand its  adjuncts  are  combined  with  the  stem  letters  as  a 
basis. 

The  Wheat  Without  the  Chaff. 

This  arrangement  enables  the  writer  to  avail  himself  of 
practically  the  entire  resources  of  adjunctival  abbreviation 
in  pure  shorthand,  which  adjuncts  constitute  the  pith  and 
kernel  of  brevity,  of  legibility  and  of  practical  simplicity,  in 
that  method,  while  he  retains  for  his  alphabetic  basis  the 
script  letters,  to  the  formation  of  which  his  hand  is  already 
trained  by  the  muscular  habits  of  a  lifetime,  and  affording 
the  absolute  legibility  of  form  distinctions — to  which  letters 
the  several  adjuncts  bear  the  same  relation  as  do  the  super- 
fluous fluorishes  of  longhand  so  commonly  used  to  no  pur- 
pose. 

15 


Theory  and  Practise  Harmonized. 

While  the  script  letters  lack  the  brevity  of  their  stem 
equivalents,  this  discrepancy  is  materially  offset  by  the  greater 
freedom  and  latitude  as  to  exactness  allowed  in  writing  them, 
and  the  infinitely  greater  ease  and  certainty  with  which  thev 
can  be  read ;  and  all  the  modifications,  or  adju  lets,  used  here- 
in, happily  afford  the  same  clear  distinctions  of  form  as  do 
the  script  letters  themselves. 

A  Useful  Result  Assured. 
So  that  the  writer  is  possessed  of  a  medium  which  he 
can  begin  to  use  at  once  in  a  popular  way,  with  a  useful  gain 
in  speed  from  the  start,  and  upon  which  he  can  build  at  his 
option,  thereby  attaining  the  same  efficiency  that  would  be 
open  to  him  thru  shorthand  in  any  event,  but  attaining  it 
much  more  quickly,  and  by  medns  of  a  method  which  is 
rendered  practical  to  his  capacity  and  his  needs,  and  which 
he  can  rely  upon  making  a  success. 

ON  THE  CHOICE  OF  OUTLINES. 

The  word-outlines,  i.  e.,  the  abbreviated  renderings, 
derived  from  these  forms  may  be  divided  naturally  into  three 
general  classes  or  groups. 

First.  Outlines  of  the  simplest  construction,  involving 
the  use  of  only  one  or  two  adjuncts  initially  or  finally,  in  con- 
nection with  the  full  spelling  of  the  remainder  of  a  word. 

Second.  Outlines  contracted  to  the  briefest  possible 
dimensions  by  the  elision  of  part  of  their  elements,  and  re- 
quiring to  be  memorized  arbitrarily — outlines  of  this  class 
being  known  as  Word  Signs  and  Phrase  Signs. 

Third.  Outlines  of  what  may  be  called  compound  con- 
struction, introducing  several  abbreviating  principles  in  com- 
bination with  one  another. 

16 


Group  1. 

The  outlines  of  the  first  group  mentioned  are  those  to 
which  reference  has  been  made  already  as  admitting  of  being 
learned  in  theory  and  practise  at  a  few  readings.  One  has 
only  to  see  them  and  read  the  paragraph  explaining  their 
application,  in  order  to  incorporate  them  at  once  with  the 
utmost  freedom  and  certainty  in  one's  routine  work,  as  they 
involve  no  analysis  and  no  departure  from  the  movements 
familiar  to  free  longhand.  The  use  of  the  forms  even  to  this 
preliminary  extent  will  alone  repay  many  fold  the  trivial 
cost  of  the  Manual  and  the  slight  amount  of  effort  incidental 
to  their  acquisition. 

Group  2. 

The  Word  Signs  and  Phrases  of  group  2  are  the  most 
valuable  and  highly  prized  asset  of  the  expert  stenographer, 
as  also  of  the  amanuensis,  universally  so  regarded  by  those 
who  follow  the  art  as  a  profession.  As  all  their  outlines  have 
to  be  memorized  in  any  event  before  they  attain  facility,  the 
shorter  the  forms,  the  lighter  the  task  of  their  acquisition, 
as  of  their  use  when  acquired;  and  the  lay  writer  has  pre- 
cisely the  same  access  to  this  resource  of  brevity  as  does  the 
most  expert.  To  the  extent,  therefore,  to  which  he  dsires  to 
memorize,  in  the  same  way  that  the  expert  must,  he  may 
obtain  thru  the  use  of  the  Word  Signs  and  Phrases  the  acme 
of  pure  shorthand  brevity,  in  outlines  of  the  simplest  con- 
struction. For  these  reasons  the  use  of  the  lists  at  pages 
49  and  62  cannot  be  too  strongly  recommended.  Few  writers 
will  be  able  to  resist  the  temptation  to  use  these  forms  in 
part,  and  most  writers  will  find  that  their  use  will  grow  in- 
sensibly until  substantially  all  have  been  acquired,  thi's  '•< -v 
tributing  enormously  to  one's  efficiency. 

n 


Group  3. 
As  to  the  outlines  of  the  third  group,  or  class,  viz.,  those 
which  are  more  highly  compounded,  it  will  be  understood 
readily  that,  in  so  far  as  the  elemenl  of  analysis  is  concerned, 
the  requirements  as  t<>  memorizing  practise  must  approximate 
those  which  obtain  when  the  stems  are  used,  with  the  import- 
;mt  exception  that  the  retention  of  the  script  letter  basis 
preserves  the  ease  of  execution  and  the  legibility  inherent  in 
the  latter.  Nevertheless,  outlines  of  this  class  must  he  familiar- 
ized by  practise  in  order  that  one  may  work  readily  with 
them,  as  they  cannot  be  improvised  very  rapidly  either  in 
the  stem  forms  of  shorthand  or  in  the  longhand  letter  forms. 

Interchangeability    a    Cardinal    Feature    of    Abbreviat2d 

Longhand. 
But  the  distinguishing  feature  of  the  method  herein  pre- 
sented in  this  respect,'  and  which  is  to  be  clearly  borne  in 
mind,  is  that  the  simpler  forms  of  group  1,  or  even  of  the 
common  spilling,  may  be  substituted  to  any  extent  desirt  d 
while  the  vocabulary  of  the  more  involved  outlines  is  gradu- 
ally enlarging,  as  will  inevitably  result  thru  the  practise  af- 
forded by  one's  routine  work.  It  will  be  found  that  even 
the  more  involved  outlines  will  come  easily  into  use  from  the 
start,  for  a  large  and  constantly  increasing  number  of  words, 
by  the  same  process  as  that  already  referred  to  in  connection 
with  the  Word  Signs  and  Phrases,  and  that  after  being  used 
a  few  times  they  will  be  ready  to  the  hand  for  practical  ser- 
vice;. 

Detached  Vowel  Signs  and  Position  Writing. 
What  has  been  said  touching  the  acquisition  of  the  fore- 
going  breves  applies  with  equal  force  to  the  detached  method 
of  writing  the  vowels  and  to  the  writing  of  words  in  position. 

18 


set  forth  at  pages  4b'  and  71.  The  exposition  of  these  last 
mentioned  expedients  has  been  deferred  tc  +he  final  place  in 
the  series  for  the  reason  that  they  involve  ^  -somewhat  more 
radical  departure  from  longhand  methods  than  any  other,  and 
it  is  presumed  that  the  option  as  to  their  use  will  be  exercised 
somewhat  less  uniformly  on  that  account.  There  is  no  reason 
why  they  should  not  be  adopted  at  a  very  early  stage  by  those 
who  find  them  inviting.  The  use  of  both  these  expedients,  like 
any  others  which  have  to  be  mastered  by  degrees,  will  be 
found  extremely  serviceable  as  occasional  short  cuts,  and 
this  preliminary  use  will  serve  to  familiarize  them  for  more 
general  adoption. 

Recapitulation  as  to  Choice  of  Outlines. 

To  recapitulate:  the  outlines  of  group  1,  all  fully  avail- 
able at  once,  together  with  the  outlines  of  group  3,  at  once 
available  in  large  part,  will  afford  a  most  substantial  abbrevia- 
tion from  the  very  beginning,  with  scarcely  any  preliminary 
study  or  practise,  which  would  of  itself  justify  abundantly 
the  use  of  Abbreviated  Longhand;  while  the  Word  Signs  and 
Phrases,  memorized  with  such  expedition  as  may  be  agree- 
able, will  add  materially,  at  a  small  outlay  of  effort,  to  the 
facilities  afforded  at  this  stage,  equipping  the  writer  for  a 
wide  range  of  work  hitherto  impossible  without  a  skilful  use 
of  shorthand.  In  the  meantime  the  more  comprehensive  use 
of  the  more  highly  compounded  outlines  may  be  acquired  at 
any  rate  of  progress  convenient  to  the  writer,  either  by 
definite  practise  specially  devoted  thereto,  or  by  the  process  of 
gradual  absorption  .until  mastered  as  a  whole.  He  will  then 
have  been  equipped  to  meet  demands  equalling  those  of  the 
great  mass  of  office  dictation,  at  a  rate  of  at  least  one  hundred 
words  a  minute,  as  well  as,  if  not  better  than,  they  are  met 

19 


by  many  who  are  filling  positions  as  stenographers  today. 
For  any  whose  circumstances  may  at  any  later  time  lead  them 
to  take  up  the  use  of  stenography  itself,  in  a  more  expert 
capacity,  the  fuller  exposition  of  the  stem  alphabet  given 
in  the  closing  paragraphs  of  the  Manual,  will  afford  a  means 
of  merging  their  style  into  that  of  pure  shorthand,  and  a  very 
little  further  study  will  qualify  them  for  practise  in  the  full 
technique  of  that  method.  Thus  the  experience  gained  thru 
the  use  of  Abbreviated  Longhand  will  not  be  valueless  to  such 
writers,  but  will  form  a  ground  work  upon  which  the  further 
training  will  follow  as  a  continuous  process. 


GENERAL  INSTRUCTIONS. 

In  taking  up  the  use  of  the  breves,  one  thing  to  be  clearly 
borne  in  mind  is  the  complete  freedom  that  may  be  exercised 
in  the  matter  of  incorporating  them  into  one's  style  singly,  or 
a  few  at  a  time,  by  what  may  be  called  a  piece-meal  assimila- 
tion, instead  of  attempting  at  once  to  use  them  all  exhaust- 
ively. It  will  be  an  easy  matter  to  get,  in  this  way,  a  grad- 
ual use  of  the  several  expedients,  whereas  the  undertaking 
of  a  large  number,  however  simple  as  units,  might  appear  to 
the  Jbeginner  to  be  a  discouraging  task,  if  he  were  forced  to 
employ  them  all  at  once.  This  latitude  enjoyed  in  the  transi- 
tion from  the  longer  to  the  shorter  forms  is  one  of  the  distin- 
guishing features  of  Abbreviated  Longhand  and  adapts  it  no 
thoroly  to  varying  circumstances  that  no  one  need  have 
the  slightest  doubt  of  its  ultimate  value  or  be  deterred  by 
any  first-felt  strangeness  from  beginning  the  method,  with 
the  fullest  assurance  of  success. 

The  Manual  should  be  carefully  read  from  its  title  page 
to  the  end,  and  re-read  as  often  as  may  be  necessary,  to  get 
the  theory  of  the  several  breves  and  the  general  scope  of  the 
work  fixed  clearly  in  mind. 

The  Illustrative  Outlines. 
Special  attention  should  be  given  to  the  illustrations 
accompanying  the  word  lists,  which  are  to  be  used  as  an 
inductive  exposition  and  review.  The  outlines-  should  be  prac- 
tised as  the  reading  proceeds,  and  none  of  them  should  be 
overlooked. 

The  Order  of  Taking  Up  the  Forms. 
As  to  the  order  in  which  the  breves  are  adopted,  the 
widest  latitude  is  permissible,  but  in  a  general  way  it  will  be 
found  that  the  breves  for  initial  vowels,  for  final  i  or  y,  for 

21 


final  /,  (1.  nt,  nd,  mitt,  ntnd,  for  syllable  ing  and  its  varia- 
tions, for  Hon,  ter,  con,  com,  &c.,  the  list  of  prefixes  and 
suffices  at  T125,  and  breves  of  that  class,  which  can  be 
used  without  changing  the  form  of  the  remainder  of  a  word, 
will  be  most  readily  used.  At  the  same  time,  all  the  remain- 
ing breves  can  be  used  in  the  same  simple  way,  and  also  to 
a  considerable  extent  in  the  more  condensed  style,  for  occa- 
sional words,  so  that  it  will  be  a  matter  of  choice  with  each 
writer  as  to  how  much  or  little  of  the  latter  he  uses  at  the 
start,  and  as  to  the  rapidity  with  which  he  extends  their  use. 

It  is  not  advisable  to  attempt,  in  actual  work,  if  one  is 
writing  from  dictation  or  under  pressure,  a  larger  use  of  the 
breves  than  can  be  written  without  hesitation,  but  in  practise 
writing,  and  in  actual  work  done  more  leisurely,  a  general 
use  of  the  breves  may  be  undertaken  at  any  time. 

In  the  illustrative  outlines  given,  the  forms  are  used 
which  are  recommended  for  ultimate  adoption.  If  any  given 
outline  appears  too  condensed  for  immediate  use,  the  writer 
will  simply  substitute  a.  simpler  outline,  which  may  embody 
a  simpler  application  of  breves,  or  the  ordinary  longhand 
equivalent,  until  the  more  condensed  style  has  been  acquired. 
The  details  as  to  this  selection  will  be  easily  worked  out  in 
pracl  ise  after  the  theory  of  the  several  breves  has  been  learned. 


Arrangement  as  to  Reference. 

The  asterisks  (*)  which  appear  at  the  close  of  the  para- 
graphs introducing  the  breves,  indicate  that  the  use  of  such 
breves  is  illustrated  in  the  corresponding  paragraph  of  th-3 
section  of  the  Manual  devoted  to  the  outlines,  beginning  at 
page  7-").  These  corresponding  numbers  will  enable  the  reader 
readily  to  refer  from  the  text  to  the  outlines  and  vice  versa. 

22 


Abbreviated  Spelling. 
To  those  who  have  already  had  some  experience  in  the 
use  of  abbreviated  spelling  as  ordinarily  practised  by  long- 
hand writers,  the  omission  of  unnecessary  letters  will  have 
beeome  more  or  less  familiar.  Those  who  have  had  no  special 
practise  in  this  direction  are  recommended  to  note  its  observ- 
ance in  the  lists  of  outlines,  in  order  that  they  may  acquire 
as  soon  as  possible  the  "phonetic  habit."  which  may  be  done 
readily  by  most  writers  with  a  little  attention  and  practise. 

The  "Three  Hundred  Words." 

The  spelling  recommended  by  the  Simplified  Spelling 
Board  in  its  well  known  list  of  three  hundred  words,  has 
been  followed  in  the  text  and  the  printed  word-lists  thruout 
the  Manual.  This  has  seemed  appropriate  in  a  work  of  this 
kind,  devoted  to  briefer  forms,  and  will  not.  it  is  hoped,  make 
it  less  acceptable  to  any.  while  it  will  perhaps  be  of  help  to 
some  as  a  mild  first  step  in  phonetic  spelling. 


THE  ALPHABET. 

1.  All  letters  should  be  written  in  their  simplest  forms.* 

2.  "With  the  exception  of  j  and  t  there  is  no  variation  in  the  forms 
of  the  letters  beyond  the  omission  of  needles  flourishes,  j  and  t  are 
recommended  to  be  written  as  simple  stems,  the  first  slanting,  the  sec- 
ond vertical,  those  being  the  directions  in  which  those  letters  are  ordi- 
narily written,  except  that  the  usual  upward  connective  stroke  may  be 
employed  when  it  affords  a  more  convenient  junction  with  following 
letters.  In  other  cases  j  and  t  (especially  the  latter)  may  be  written 
disconnectedly. 

3.  The  long  letters,  such  as  /,  p,  j,  t,  and  in  many  cases  the  short 
letters  as  well,  may  be  joined  to  preceding  letters  at  a  lower  level,  with1- 
out  making  the  usual  connective  upstroke. 

These  details  will  appear  very  obviously  from  a  glance  at  the  out- 
lines given  in  the  word-lists. 

23 


The  Digraphs. 
4..  The  double  consonants,  or  digraphs,  ordinarily  writ- 
ten with  two  letters,  may  be  written  with  one,  by  dropping 
one  of  the  letters  of  such  digraphs,  usually  the  first  letter, 
slightly  below  the  level  of  the  remaining  letters,  or  of  the 
next  adjoining  letter,  in  a  word,  and  omitting  the  other 
digraph  letter  altogether. 

5.  ch,  tch  (with  c  dropped),  called  chay* 

6.  mb  and  mp  (with  wi  dropped),  called  emb  or  emp* 
(The  context  will  invariably  show  whether  mb  or  mp  is  intended.) 

7.  ing  (with  n  dropped),  called  ing,  for  kg* 

8.  sh,  zh   (with  the  small  print  form  of  the  letter  s), 

called  ish  when  pronounced  hard,  as  in  the  word  mesh;  called 

zhee  when  pronounced  soft,  as  in  measure* 

(sh-zh  need  not  be  dropped  for  purposes  of  distinction,  but  may  be 
dropped  whenever  convenient  for  the  purpose  of  saving  the  unnecessary 
connective  upstroke,  as  shown.) 

9.  th,  dh  (with  the  letter  t  curved),  called  iih  when 
sounded  hard,  as  in  throat;  called  dhee  when  sounded  soft, 
as  in  tho* 

10.  wh  (with  w  dropped),  called  ivhay* 

11.  xp  (with  x  dropped),  called  xp* 

Consonant  Values  of  ph,  c,  g  and  q. 

12.  ph,  pronounced  f,  should  be  written  with  /. 
fdadelfia,  fotograf,  fonograf. 

c  hard,  ch  hard  and  ck  (properly  the  sound  of  k),  with 
•  c,  which  is  preferred  to  the  letter  k  for  these  letters,  by  reason 
of  being  the  briefer  character: 

choral-corrall  (written  coral),  chronic  (cronic),  knuckle  (nucl),  echo 
(ceo),  architect  (arcitect),  archive  (arciv),  chloroform  (do ro form), 
lack  (lac),  thick  (Ihic),  tack  (tac),  &c. 

Letter  k  may  be  retained,  however,  in  words  in  which  the  common 
spelling  has  k  alone,  i.  e.,  dissociated  from  e,  as  in  kite,  kind,  like,  kick, 
(fete),  &c. 

c  soft  with  s* 
g  soft,  with  j* 
lew,  cqu,  cho,  with  q* 

24 


The  Vowels. 

13.  Long  a  may  be  distinguished  from  short  a  by  writ- 
ing the  former  with  an  up-stroke  through  the  letter  (as  is  fre- 
quently done  in  ordinary  usage),  and  the  latter  in  the  more 
usual  form.* 

34.  Long  e  may  be  written  in  the  form  of  the  small 
capital,  and  short  e  in  the  more  usual  form.* 

15.  Long  i  may  be  written  as  usual,  and  short  i  without 
the  dot.* 

16.  Long  o  may  be  written  with  an  up-stroke  or  a  down- 
stroke  through  its  center,  according  to  which  gives  the  better 
junction,  and  short  o  in  the  more  usual  form.* 

17.  oo,  long  as  in  boot,  loop,  as  well  as  in  the  shorter 
sound  heard  in  foot,  root,  may  be  reduced  to  one  character 
(since  in  ordinary  usage  these  sounds  never  conflict)  by 
writing  a  single  o  slightly  dropped,  as  in  the  case  of  the 
digraphs.* 

18.  au,  aw,  oa,  ou,  when  having  the  sound  of  broad  a,  as 
in  taught,  law,  broad,  ought,  may  be  written  with  a  dropped.* 

19.  oi,  as  in  boil,  by  elevating  the  o  slightly  and  omitting 
the  i* 

20.  ow,  ou,  as  in  how,  out,  by  dotting  the  o* 

21.  Long  u  may  be  distinguished  from  short  u  by  drop- 
ping the  former.* 

a.  The  dropping  or  elevating  of  letters  just  described  is  analogous 
to  the  practise  quite  common  among  longhand  writers,  of  indicating,  by 
the  raising  or  lowering  of  the  last  written  letter  of  a  Avord,  the  omission 
of  preceding  or  following  letters,  also  in  writing  dates,  denominations, 
fractions,  &c,  and  will  after  a  few  trials  be  found  to  fall  very  naturally 
into  habitual  use  in  the  foregoing  abbreviations. 

b.  There  are  many  words  in  which  the  distinctions  above  pre- 
scribed between  long  and  short  vowels,  are  not  essential  to  perfect 
legibility,  as  illustrated  by  the  words  only,  after,  upon,  echo,  frost,  &c. 
The  reader  recognizes  at  once  the  word  intended,  as  any  other  pronun- 
ciation would  produce  a  word  unknown  to  the  language. 

25 


c.  In  another  class  of  words  the  different  sounds  associated  with 
the  vowel  letters  in  the  common  longhand  spelling,  are  quite  essential  to 
be  distinguished  in  the  one-letter-one-sound  spelling  of  a  phonetic  al- 
phabet.* 

Diphthongs. 

22.  It  will  generally  be  found,  in  words  of  common 
usage,  quite  sufficient  to  indicate  double  vowels  by  a  small 
double  angle,  detached,  as  the  context  will  indicate  the  word 
unerringly;  the  angle  being  placed  in  its  proper  order  with  the 
letters  of  the  word,  and  at  any  point  of  elevation  most  con- 
venient.* 

23.  As  a  general  rule,  however,  proper  names  and  other 
words  whose  precise  diphthong  would  not  be  at  once  sug- 
gested, should  have  their  diphthongs  denoted  in  full.* 

24.  Long  .e  may  be  frequently  omitted  from  prefix  de. 
dpend,  dfeat,  dvour,  dvice,  dfy,  dory,  &c. 

25.  Omit  e  before  x. 

xchange,  xplain.  xpose,  xpire,  xel  or  xl  (excel),  &c. 

SILENT  LETTERS. 

26.  All  silent  letters,  and  many  vowels  heard  so  slightly 
that  their  identity  is  obscured,  and  therefore  having  no 
phonetic  value,  can  be  safely  omitted,  as  in  the  ordinary 
abbreviated  spelling,  as  indicated  by  the  renderings  shown  in 
parentheses  in  the  following  words: 

sighed  (*td),  thigh  (thi),  head  (hed),  enough  (enuf),  puffy  {pufy), 
apple  (apl),  tarry  (ran/),  tally  (taly),  possess  (poses),  thick  (thic), 
thorough  (thoro),  though  (tho),  shall  (shal),  express  (xprcs),  thicken 
(thicn),  ripen  (ripn),  open  (opn),  mischief  (mschf),  precious  (pre-shs), 
ferocious  (fro-sh-s),  officious  (ofish-s),  measure  (me-sh-r),  example 
(sam]il),  humble  (umbl),  tangle  (tangl),  thumb  (thum),  limb  (Urn), 
lamb  (lam),  own  (on),  moan  (mon),  honest  (onst),  captain  (captn), 
message  (mesg),  moment  (momnt),  Robert  (Bobrt),  separate  (seprt), 
ebony    (ebny),  guttural    (gutrl),  mature   (mtur),  political   (plitcl.) 

UNVOWELLED  OUTLINES. 

27.  It    is    well    understood    among    stenographers   and 

26 


others  who  have  used  unvowelled  spelling  to  any  extent,  that 
the  mas*  of  words  are  amply  distinguished  by  their  con- 
sonant outlines,  and  that  as  the  custom  of  omitting  vowels 
is  continued,  more  and  more  of  them  become  unnecessary. 
The  use  of  Position  Writing,  as  explained  at  r126, 
makes  it  possible  to  indicate  the  vowel  sounds  without  ac- 
tually writing  them,  except  in  the  case  of  an  occasional  word 
which  the  writer  learns  instinctively  to  distinguish  by  insert- 
ing a  necessary  vowel,  such  exceptions  being  in  general 
accented  vowels,  diphthongs,  long  vowels  initially  and  finally, 
and  other  vowels  which  specially  distinguish  vowel  from 
consonant  beginnings  and  endings  in  outlines  otherwise  alike. 
While  considerable  practise  is  required  to  employ  position 
writing  uniformly,  it  may  be,  like  the  other  expedients  re- 
quiring time  for  full  mastery,  employed  at  first  in  occasional 
outlines  which  the  writer  will  learn  very  soon  to  distinguish 
in  that  manner,  and  the  practise  thereby  afforded  may  be 
relied  upon  to  familiarize  the  method  for  general  use. 

INITIAL  VOWEL  TICK. 

28.  Many  slurred  vowels  of  the  ciass  described  in 
r26,  when  occurring  initially  in  words,  serve  merely  as  a 
general  indication  to  the  ear  that  such  words  have  a  vowel 
instead  of  a  consonant  beginning.  Such  vowels  may  be  con- 
veyed to  the  eye  with  equal  clearness  by  a  like  general  indi- 
cation, in  the  form  of  an  initial  tick,  merely  to  distinguish 
vowel  from  consonant  beginnings. 

In  many  words,  also,  which  begin  with  vowels  heard  more 
distinctly,  their  identity  is  sufficiently  indicated  by  the  re- 
mainder of  their  outlines. 

There  is  therefore  a  large  class  of  words  commonly  used 
in    which    initial   short   vowels    generally,    and   long   vowels 

27 


occasionally,  may  be  indicated  iti  this  general  May  only,  by 
the  Initial  Vowel  Tick.  This  tick  is  joined  at  a  right  angle 
to  the  succeeding  consonant  letter.* 

In  the  case  of  consonants  /,  r  and  s,  which  begin  with 
an  up-stroke,  an  elongation  of  the  up-stroke  may  be  used 
instead  of  the  right-angle  tick,  as  affording  a  more  facile 
junction.* 

29.  Initial  vowels  should,  as  a  general  ruh .  however," 
{except  in  connection  with  position  writing)  be  written  with 
their  specific  characters  in  words  of  only  one  syllable  and  in 
words  beginning  with  a  long  vowel  or  a  diphthong.* 

STROKES. 

30.  t,  d;  nt,  nd;  ted,  drd:  mnt,  mnd,  may  be  denoted  by 
short  strokes,  or  ticks,  as  follows : 

31.  t  (medially  and  finally  in  words),  by  a  right-angle 
stroke,  intersecting  the  preceding  letter ;  or  with  letter  t  joined 
or  disjoined,  and,  for  convenience,  somewhat  shortened.* 

The  letters  w.  s.,  or  p.  accompanying  a  word  or  phrase  in  the  follow- 
ing word-lists,  indicate  that  such  word  or  phrase  is  provided  with  a 
shorter  outline  in  the  list  of  word  signs  or  of  phrases  at  page  49  and 
62,  respectively. 

32.  d,  (medially  and  finally),  by  a  downward  stroke,  or 
tick,  slanting,  usually,  to  the  left,  like  the  straight  modifica- 
tion of  the  comma  sign  used  by  many  writers,  which  may  be 
joined  or  disjoined,  according  to  preference.  This  tick  may 
be  slanted  to  the  right  in  any  instance  where  that  direction 
offers  a  better  junction,  as  after  letters  ,;'  and  ish,  and  may, 
for  the  same  reason,  be  written  with  an  upward  slant  after 
letters  o,  q,  v  and  w* 

33.  nt  (finally),  by  a  short,  curved  stroke,  at  a  right 
angle  concaved  on  its  upper  side,  joined  or  disjoined.*  (See 
"39.) 

34.  nd  (finally),  by  a  like  concave  stroke,  slanting  up- 

28 


ward  or  downward,  joined  or  disjoined.     (See  ^39.) 

35.  ted  (finally),  by  a  straight  stroke  at  a  right  angle, 
generally  joined.* 

36.  ded  (finally),  by  a  straight  stroke  slanting  upward, 

generally  joined.* 

It  will  be  observed  that  (he  ded-stroke  and  the  upward  tick  for  d, 
recommended  after  o,  g,  v  and  w,  incline  in  the  same  direction.  HenCe 
the  latter  should  be  written  as  a  short  tick,  and  the  former  as  a  stroke 
of  about  the  length  of  letters  j,  t,  I,  &c.  ded,  however,  is  not  a  very 
frequent  termination,  and  after  a  little  experience  with  abbreviated 
writing,  may  be  safely  indicated,  like  the  termination  ted,  by  the  hori- 
zontal stroke,  particularly  if  at  a  later  stage  the  writer  elects  to  use  as 
a  character  for  the  letter  r  the  upward  stroke  here  assigned  to  final 
ded. 

37.  mnt  (finally),  by  a  stroke  at  a  right  angle,  concaved 
on  its  under  side,  joined  or  disjoined.*      (See  ^39.) 

38.  mnd  (finally),  by  a  like  stroke  slanting  upward  or 
downward,  but  generally  downward,  joined  or  disjoined.* 
(See  T39.) 

It  will  be  noted  in  the  outlines  that  after  mnt  and  mnd  the  upward 
<7-stroke  is  used. 

39.  The  strokes  for  nt,  nd;  mnt,  mnd,  may  also  be  used 
initially,  medially  and  concurrently.* 

THE  I  DOT. 

■40.  The  short  voted  i.  which  occurs  so  frequently  in  the 
terminations  ty,  ity,  ehj,  idy  and  many  others,  may  be  indi- 
cated by  a  dot  placed  beside  the  bottom  of  the  consonant 
which  it  precedes  or  follows.* 

41.     The   clot   for   short   i   may   also  be  written   to  the 

strokes.* 

The  writer  may  take  up  at  any  stage  desired  the  further  us.1  of 
some  or  all  of  the  complete  list  of  detached  vow?l  signs  at  page  71, 
according  to  his  convenience.  They  will  be  found  of  the  greatest 
service  and  to  require,  with  most  writers,  only  a  moderate  amount  of 
practise  in  order  to  be  used  quite  extensively. 

29 


THE  SHUN  STROKE. 

42.  (a)  The  syllables  tion,  sion,  sian,  shion,  Han.  &<■., 
all  pronounced  shun,  or  as  a  slight  modification  thereof,  may 
be  added  after  all  letters  (except  j,  t  and  ith)  by  prolonging 
their  terminations  in  the  form  of  a  curved  stroke  or  flourish, 
in  the  direction  which  conforms  most  easily  to  an  uninter- 
rupted movement  of  the  hand,  as  shown.* 

Shun  After  j,  t  and  ith. 
(b)     After  letters  j,  t  and  ith  the  shun  syllables  are 
added  by  a  large  hook  formed  on  the  right-hand  side.* 

The  TER  HOOK. 

43.  The  syllables  ter,  tin >\  tor,  tire,  ture,  &e,  may  be 
added  after  all  letters  (except  ith)  by  a  large  hook  turned 
downward  on  letters  having  no  stems,  and.  on  letters  having 
stems,  turned  on  the  side  opposite  that  assigned  to  the  shun 
hook.* 

Ter  After  Letter  ith. 

44.  On  the  curved  letter  ith,  the  ter  syllables  are  added 
by  writing  the  letter  twice  its  normal  length.* 

Shun  and  Ter  After  Strokes. 
4o.  Shun  is  added  to  all  the  strokes  described  at 
11130-38  inclusive,  in  its  hook  form.  The  ter  hook  is 
added  on  the  straight  strokes  for  t  and  d  only,  as  it  cannot 
be  formed  on  the  convex  side  of  curved  strokes"  or  curved 
stems.* 

Strokes  After  Other  Breves. 

46.  In  like  manner,  any  of  the  strokes  mentioned  at 
r*^30-38  may  be  added  after  the  brief  signs  for  shun  and 
ter  by  being  joined  to  or  stricken  through  the  latter;  as  also 
a  following  letter  or  vowel  dot,  in  the  manner  shown.* 

30 


SPECIAL  CONTRACTIONS. 

47.  Con,  com.  cum,  cog,  as  initial  syllables,  may  be  indi- 
cated by  a  short  dash,  or  tick,  disjoined,  placed  over  the  top  of 
letters  and  at  the  beginning  of  strokes.* 

48.  Accom  may  be  represented  by  a  like  dash.* 

49.  All  the  foregoing  syllables,  including  accom.,  may 
be  indicated  medially  in  words  by  proximity,  i.  <•..  by  writing 
the  syllables  preceding  and  following  them  disconnectedly, 
omitting  the  dash.* 

50.  ing,  as  a  filial  syllable,  may  be  represented  by  a  dot 
at  the  bottom  of  letters  and  at  the  end  of  all  modifications.* 

51.  ings,  by  changing  the  ing-dot  to  a  small  circle. 

52.  ing-a,  by  changing  the  ing-dot  to  a  slanting  tick. 

53.  ing-the,  by  forming  the  tick  at  a  right  angle. 

54.  The  pronoun  I,  and  long  i  as  an  initial  syllable,  by 
a  slanting  tick,  either  standing  alone  or  joined  to  a  following 
verb,  and  written  upward  or  downward,  according  to  which 
gives  the  better  junction.* 

And,  by  the  longhand  letter  t£\  or  by  a  dot  above  the  line.* 

An,  by  a  like  dot  above  the  line.* 

A,  bj^  the  letter  a,  as  usual,  or  by  a  dot  on  the  line.* 

The,  by  a  dot  below  the  line.* 

And-a,  by  a  small  acute  angle,  above  the  line,  pointing  to 
the  right.* 

And-the,  by  a  small  right  angle  above  the  line,  as  shown.* 

Have,  by  a  downward  tick,  in  the  direction  of  letter  j, — 
written  above  the  line.* 

Of,  by  a  like  tick  on  the  line.* 

All,  by  a  like  tick  below  the  line.* 

How,  by  a  vertical  tick  above  the  line.* 

He  and  him,  by  a  vertical  tick  on  the  line.* 

~\Yho  and  whom,  by  a  vertical  tick  below  the  line.* 

31 


A  or  and  is  added  to  all  the  foregoing  ticks,  (except  the 
i-tick)  by  joining  thereto  a  following  tick  slanting  upward* 

The  is  added  to  the  same  ticks  by  joining  thereto  a  follow- 
ing horizontal  tick.* 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  ticks  for  I  and  have  are  the  same.  This, 
however,  will  occasion  no  conflict,  as  the  context  in  which  they  occur  is 
always  sufficiently  distinguishing. 

As  the  context  will  also  show  whether  the  nominative  or  the  objec- 
tive of  the  pronouns  he  and  who  is  intended,  the  vertical  tick  on  the  line 
is  safely  used  for  he  and  him,  and  the  vertical  tick  below  the  line,  for 
who  and  whom. 

OPTIONAL  STEMS  FOR  M  AND  N. 

55.  M.  For  this  three-loop  letter  may  be  substituted  the 
shorthand  m,  consisting  of  a  one-loop  stem,  concaved  on  its 
lower  side,  like  mnt-strokc,  but  of  the  same  length  as  let- 
ter t* 

56.  N.  This  letter  may  be  written  with  a  curved  stem 
concaved  on  its  upper  side,  like  nt-stroke,  of  the  same  length 
as  stem  m* 

The  use  of  the  stem  for  m  and  n,  and  for  j,  t  and  ith,  heretofore 
recommended,  is  attended  by  conditions  quite  unlike  those  arising  from 
its  use  in  close  and  uninterrupted  succession  for  the  twenty -five  consonant 
letters  of  the  phonetic  alphabet  of  shorthand.  In  this  limited  use  the 
distinctions  secured  by  the  direction  of  slant  are  kept  within  bounds 
easily  and  naturally  accomplished,  while  the  shading  distinctions  are 
avoided  entirely,  and  the  variations  in  length  apply  only  as  between  the 
strokes  for  nt,  mnt,  and  the  stems  for  m  and  n,  these  distinctions  being 
further  emphasized  by  context  so  as  seldom  to  occasion  conflict  in  any 
event.  Within  these  limits  the  stem  fulfils  a  function  similar  to  that  of 
the  other  adjuncts,  and  may  be  used  with  great  advantage,  because  of 
its  brevity,  particularly  as  a  substitute  for  the  three-loop  letter  m  and 
its  near  relative,  the  two-loop  71.  For  these  reasons  these  two  stems  ;<iv 
recommended  at  this  stage  tor  general  use  by  those  who  find  them  con- 
venient, as  will  be  the  case  with  the  yreat  majority  of  writers. 

57.  lie  Tow  »-stem  an  initial  dot  may  be  substituted  for 
the  initial  vowel  tick,  as  shown  in  several  of  the  outlines  in 
tlic  general  list  here  given.* 

S2 


TER  ON  CURVED  STEMS. 

58.  The  ter  syllables,  which  are  added  to  letters  and  to 
straight  stems  by  the  large  downward  hook  described  at  H43, 
may  on  all  curved  stems  be  added  by  the  lengthening  principle 
already  referred  to  at  *44,  i.  e.,  by  writing  such  stems  twice 
their  normal  length.* 

FINAL  TICKS  FOR  LONG  u  and  for  ow. 

59.  (a)  A  special  tick,  slanting  downward  and  to  the 
left,  is  found  very  convenient  in  a  few  words  of  frequent 
occurrence,  for  long  u  following  the  consonants  n,  f  and  v, 
in  the  terminations  new.  few,  view,  and  also  the  termination 
ieu.  The  el  stroke,  when  stricken  in  the  same  direction,  as 
after  letters  n  and  /.  may  be  disjoined,  and  after  stem  n,  may 
be  slanted  to  the  right.  These  are  details  which  will  be 
readily  grasped  by  a  reference  to  the  example  outlines.* 

(b)  A  vertical  tick  may,  in  the  same  way,  be  used  for 
the  diphthong  ow,  after   n-stem,  only.* 

CAPITALS  FOR  ADDING  k  and  g. 

60.  k,  as  sounded  in  take,  and  g,  as  sounded  in  egg,  may 
be  added  by  writing  the  letter  preceding  them  as  a  capital; 
using,  for  the  most  part,  a  different  form  of  capital  for  these 
respective  consonants.  Line  1  for  k,  and  Line  2  for  g* 

The  capitals  indicated  by  the  asterisks  in  the  illustrative  forms  are 
alike  for  adding  either  /.•  or  g.  The  sounds  of  these  two  consonants  are 
so  closely  related  that  they  are  frequently  written  without  distinction 
in  shorthand,  but  inasmuch  as  the  two  sets  of  capitals  are  available  :'n 
Abbreviated  Longhand,  it  will  doubtless  be  found  convenient  by  most 
writers  to  observe,  as  a  general  rule,  the  distinctions  they  afford. 

61.  In  the  example  words  given  under  the  last  para- 
graph, the  k  or  g  coalesces  with  the  letter  which  precedes  it, 
i.  e.  there  is  no  vowel  intervening  between  the  two.  In  many 
words,  however,  a  vowel  intervenes  between  a  given  consonant 
and  a  following  g  or  k.  which  vowel  is  either  so  slight  as  to 

33 


have  no  phonetic  value,  or  which  is  clearly  indicated  by  the 
context,  in  both  of  which  cases  the  intervening  vowel  may  be 
safely  omitted.* 

Capitals  F  and  T,  with  Intersecting  Strokes,  Distinguished 
from  Simple  Capital  F. 

62.  (a)  The  adjunct  strokes  through  capital  F  are  dis- 
tinguished from  the  ordinary  stroke  of  that  letter,  by  strik- 
ing the  former  through  the  top  of  the  vertical  line  instead  of 
through  the  midle  thereof.* 

(b)  For  the  same  reason,  the  strokes  to  capital  T  are 
stricken  through  the  bottom  of  that  letter.* 

DOUBLE  LENGTH  LETTERS. 

63.  There  are  likewise  many  syllables  and  words  in 
which  a  vowel  intervening  between  the  same  consonant  re- 
peated may  be  omitted  without  the  slightest  difficulty  in  read- 
ing. Instead  of  doubling  such  consonants  in  number  they 
may  be  doubled  in  length,  in  the  case  of  the  following  long 
letters.* 

64.  The  curved  stems  are  repeated  in  the  ordinary  man- 
ner, as  already  shown,  since  in  their  case  the  lengthening 
principle  is  reserved  for  adding  the  ter  syllables,  as  explained 
at  1i58.* 

The  script  consonant  letters  not  included  in  the  foregoing  double- 
lengths  are  the  short  letters  c,  m.  n,  r,  s,  w,  x  and  z.  Of  these  c  hard 
(the  same  sound  as  k)  may  be  doubled  in  two  ways,  viz.,  by  capital  V 
(ck)  or  by  double-length  k  (kk).  r,  s  and  z  are  provided  with  repent- 
ing expedients  to  be  described  later.  This  leaves  only  w  and  x  and  the 
several  digraphs  unprovided  for,  and  these  occur  so  rarely  as  repetemls 
as  to  require  no  special  provision  in  this  regard. 

bp  and  pb. 

C)~).  Double-length  b  may  also  be  used  freely  for  bp,  as 
well  ;is  bb,  while  double-length  p  is  equally  serviceable  for  j>i> 
as  well  as  for  pp.* 

34 


It  will  be  noted  that  this  lengthening  expedient  for  denoting  con- 
sonants repeated  is  to  be  used  only  when  the  sounds  of  the  consonants 
are  repeated,  as  in  the  words  given  in  the  lists,  and  not  when  a  letter 
is  repeated  in  the  ordinary  spelling  to  represent  but  one  sounding  of  its 
consonant,  as  in  the  words  apple,  happy,  thinner,  buggy,  &e.,  in  all  of 
which  eases  but  one  consonant  sound  is  heard,  and  therefore  but  one 
should  be  written. 

The  s-CIRCLE. 
Initially. 

66.  The  consonants  s  and  z  may  be  written  with  a  small 
circle,  always  joined. 

(a)  Initially  the  s-circle  requires  a  stem  for  its  most 
natural  junction,  and  therefore  a  little  practise  may  be  neces- 
sary to  use  it  with  full  freedom  at  the  beginning  of  letters 
a,  d,  c,  g,  o,  q,  and,  perhaps,  with  some  writers,  at  the  begin- 
ning of  e  and  i.  It  may  be  employed  occasionally,  however, 
with  advantage  before  these  letters,  to  begin  with,  and  will 
very  soon  become  familiarized  so  that  it  may  be  used  quite 
generally.* 

(b)  To  the  beginning  of  the  remaining  letters  the  .circle 
is  joined  with  the  greatest  facility.* 

Finally. 

67.  As  a  final  adjunct  the  circle  affords  a  natural  junc- 
tion on  all  letters.* 

68.  The  circle  is  formed  initially  and  finally  on  all  cap- 
itals, on  double-length  letters  and  stems,  and  on  strokes;  also 
finally  on  the  hooks.* 

Medially  in  Words. 

69.  The  circle  is  used  medially  in  words,  as  well  as 
initially  and  finally,  as  shown  in  a  number  of  examples  in  the 
list  to  which  reference  is  directed  after  reading  H70. 

70.  In  an  occasional  outline  the  use  of  the  circle  medially 
may  require  a  little  practise  to  be  formed  with  entire  freedom 

35 


of  movement.  If  this  is  found  to  be  the  case,  the  writer  may- 
continue  the  use  of  letter  s  until  a  satisfactory  facility  is  ac- 
quired in  this  use  of  the  circle.  In  order,  however,  that  the 
use  of  the  circle  may  now  be  understood  in  all  its  functions, 
these  are  fully  illustrated  in  the  list  of  outlines  under  this 
paragraph.* 

Consonant  and  Vowel  Endings  Distinguished. 

71.  Letter  s  or  z  is  used,  instead  of  the  circle,  when  fol- 
lowed by  a  final  vowel;  as  the  circle,  when  used  finally,  is 
always  the  last  thing  read.  Therefore  the  use  of  letter  s  or  z 
in  that  position  always  implies  of  itself  a  following  vowel. 
which  vowel  need  not  be  written  unless  for  some  reason  it  is 
"specially  distinguishing.* 

Consonant  and  Vowel  Beginnings  Distinguished. 

72.  The  initial  vowel  tick  may  be  used  before  s-circle 
whenever  conveniently  joined.* 

7'>.  When  an  initial  vowel  tick  and  s-circle  cannot  be 
joined  to  a  following  letter,  letter  s  or  z  must  be  used  initially. 
Letter  s  or  z  in  that  position  therefore  implies  of  itself  a  pre- 
ceding vowel,  which  vowel  may  be  indicated  by  the  elongated 
upstroke  before  letter  s  (^28)  or  by  its  specific  sign  if 
ne<  essary. 

s-Circle  for  Words  and  in  Phrases. 

74.  The  s-circle  offers  an  excellent  short  form  for  the 
words  as,  has,  is  and  his,  either  alone  or  in  phrases,  as  shown.* 

The  ss  CIRCLE. 

75.  A  large  circle  may  be  used  initially,  finally  and 
medially  for  s  repeated,  in  syllables  like  ses,  sis,  soc,  sus,  sys, 
cisp,  &c* 

When  for  any  reason  the  .ss-circle  cannot  easily  be  made  of  ample 
siw,  :i  dot  may  be  placed  within  it  to  distinguish  it  from  the  s-circle. 

36 


76.  The  initial  vowel  tick  may  precede  the  ss-eircle  in  like 
manner  as  the  s-circle.* 

77.  The  small  circle  may  be  added  to  the  large  circle  for 
an  additional  s* 

78.  The  ss-circle  is  useful  for  the  following  phrases.* 

The  st  LOOP. 

79.  st  or  zd  may  be  denoted  by  a  small  loop  turned  on 
letters  with  stem  ending  or  beginning,  and  on  strokes.* 

80.  On  letters  without  stem  endings,  st-zd  is  denoted, 
finally,  by  an  open  loop  carried  to  top  of  the  letter.* 

81.  The  t  may  be  omitted  in  words  of  the  following  class.* 

82.  Before  letters  having  no  stem  beginning,  the  con- 
sonants st  are  written  with  s-circle  and  letter  /.* 

83.  st  is  added  after  hooks  by  a  small  half  loop.* 

84.  (a)  The  s-circle  is  added  to  the  sMoop  for  a  follow- 
ing s*  (b)  the  nt  and  mnt  strokes  following  the  loop  are 
either  joined  or  disjoined,  whichever  is  the  more  convenient;* 
(c)  and  the  termination  sted  is  written  with  s-circle  and  tcd- 
stroke* 

85     The  s£-loop  is  used  for  the  following  phrases.* 

The  str  LOOP. 

86.  ster,  stir,  stare,  &c,  as  final  syllables  or  combinations, 
and  occasionally  medially  in  words,  may  be  written  with  loops 
corresponding  in  form  to  the  sMoops,  but  made  larger  Avhen 
closed,  (as  on  stems.)  and  longer  when  open,  (as  on  non-stem 
letters) .* 

87.  The  str  loop  is  used  for  the  following  phrases.* 

88.  The  s-circle  is  added  to  the  str  loop  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  to  the  sf-loop.* 

89.  The  strokes  may  be  joined  to  the  end  of  the  loop  or 
stricken  through  it,  whichever  is  the  more  convenient.* 

37 

452148 


90.  The  final  i  dot  may  be  placed  after  this  loop  only, 
for  a  final  vowel,  in  the  manner  shown,  to  distinguish  the  ter- 
minations ter,  try ;  tor,  tory,  &c* 

91.  After  non-stem  letters  the  ing-dot  is  placed  within 
the  sir  loop,  thus  distinguishing  it  from  the  dot  for  final  t\* 

1  and  r  HOOKS. 

92.  A  following  I,  which  coalesces  with  its  preceding  con- 
sonant, or  is  separated  from  it  by  only  a  slight  vowel  sound, 
or  one  naturally  supplied  by  the  context,  may  be-  indicated, 
on  straight  stems,  by  a  smal>  initial  hook,  turned  on  the  right 
hand  side.* 

93.  A  following  r  occurring  in  the  same  way,  may  be 
added  by  a  like  initial  hook  turned  on  the  left  hand  side.* 

94.  On  curved  stems,  Z  is  added  by  an  initial  large  hook; 
r.  by  an  initial  small  hook,  turned  on  the  inside  thereof.* 

When  an  /hook  or  other  peculiarity  of  outline  interferes  with  the 
joining  of  the  Iuitial  Vowel  Tick,  a  dot  may  be  substituted  for  the  tick. 

95.  As  the  consonants  ntr,  ndr,  are  more  conveniently 
written  with  double-length  n-stem,  or  with  letter  n  and  ter- 
hook,  the  r  hook  is  not  used  on  the  nt-nd  strokes.* 

96.  The  use  of  the  initial  hooks,  as  written  on  stems,  is 
illustrated  fully  in  the  following  list,  which,  like  the  lists  in 
general,  is  intended  also  as  a  review.* 

97.  The  use  of  the  initial  hooks,  as  written  on  non-stem 
letters,  (except  c,  o  and  ish,)  is  illustrated  in  the  following  list. 
(The  initial  hooks  are  not  used  on  c,  o  and  ish.)* 

Initial  Hooks  Added  to  Strokes. 

98.  The  I  and  r  hooks  are  also  used  on  the  several  strokes, 
except  as  described  at  ^95.* 

The  Circle  and  Initial  Hooks. 

99.  The  s-cirele  is  turned  on  the  inside  of  the  Z-hook  for 
an  initial  s* 

38 


100.  Note.  To  add  both  s-circle  and  r-hook,  the  former 
is  simply 'written  on  the  r-hook  side,  without  having  to  be 
turned  inside  the  hook.* 

The  combination  of  circle  and  initial  hook,  however,  is  used  chiefly 
on  letters  p  and  t,  for  the  frequently  occurring  coalescents  spl,  spr,  str, 
and  to  a  more  limited  extent  for  stl,  as  in  the  word  settle  and  its  deriva- 
tives.* 

Initial  Hooks  Used  Primarily  When  1  and  r  Coalesce. 

101.  As  already  explained,  the  use  of  the  initial  hooks 
in  words  in  which  the  following  2  or  r  does  not  coalesce  with 
its  preceding  consonant,  involves  the  omission  of  the  inter- 
vening vowel.  In  such  instances  the  hooks  should  not  be  used 
unless  the  omitted  vowel  can  be  readily  inferred  in  the  act 
of  reading,  -and  should  scarcely  ever  be  used  when  the  hook 
consonant  would  be  both  preceded  and  followed  by  a  distinct 
vowel.* 

Initial  Hooks  on  Capitals  and  Double  Lengths. 

102.  The  I  and  r  hooks  are  also  serviceable  on  the  cap- 
itals shown  (*102-104)  and  on  the  double-lengths,  for  many 
outlines,  some  of  which  will  require  a  certain  amount  of 
memorizing  before  being  used  extensively,  but  many  of  which 
can  be  incorporated  into  one's  style  at  a  very  early  stage. 

103.  On  the  capitals  the  hooks  are  formed  as  shown,  and 
are  read  between  the  two  consonants  represented  by  the  cap- 
ital.® 

104.  On  the  double-length  letters  the  hooks  are  joined 
precisely  as  on  the  single-length  equivalents,  and  are  likewise 
read  between  the  two  consonants  represented  by  the  double- 
length  letter.* 

FINAL  HOOKS  FOR  f-v  and  n. 

105.  A  following  /  or  v  may  be  added  on  letters  and 
straight  stems  by  a  small  final  hook  in  the  same  direction  as 

39 


the  large  shun  hook:  on  curved 'Stems,  by  a  hir<j<  final  hook* 

106.  A  following  n.  on  letters  and  straight  stems  by  a 
.s'/>w//  final  hook  in  the  same  direction  as  the  large  tcr  hook; 
on  curved  stents,  by  a  s»w//  final  hook.* 

107.  The  final  hooks  are  the  last  thing  rend  except  the 
circles  for  8.  ss  and  the  strokes.* 

108.  The  f-v  hook  is  occasionally  added  after  s  circle,  but 
ii  after  s-circle  is  preferably  written  with  stem  n  or  letter  n* 

109.  Xotc.  The  .s-circle  following  f-v  hook  is  turned  on 
the  inside  thereof;  but  following  the  >/-hook.  the  circle  is 
merely  transferred  to  the  //-hook  side,  in  which  position  it 
indicates  both  n  and  s* 

110.  While  ans.  ens.  &<•..  are  written  with  the  H-hook  and 
s-circle,  as  shown  at  *100.  ness  may  be  distinguished  by  being 
written  with  stem  //.  or  letter  ».  and  s-circle.* 

111.  The  f-v  hook  on  curved  stems  (theoretically  longer 
and  narrower  than  the  slum  hook,  but  practically  the  same.) 
is  used  only  in  a  few  special  phrases,  in  unvocalized  outlines.* 

112.  The  n  hook  is  added  after  ter  hook,  ster  loop  and  let- 
ters for  the  word  than  in  phrases  like  the  following.* 

113.  AVhen  f-v  or  n  is  followed  by  a  final  vowel,  the  let- 
ter or  stem  characters  are  used,  but  when  those  consonants 
are  themselves  the  final  element,  the  hooks  are  used,  thus 
distinguishing  consonantal  from  vowel  endings. 

114.  (a)  The  f-v  and  n  hooks  on  double-length  letters 
are  read  after  the  second  consonant  represented  by  such  dou- 
ble-lengths, as  already  explained  at  ^107.* 

(b)  This  rendering,  however,  finds  application  in  but  a 
limited  number  of  words,  comparatively,  and  while  freely  used 
for  such  words,  the  same  combination  of  double-length  and 
hook  is  used  also  for  another  rendering  quite  different  and  of 
more  frequent  application.    In  the  second  of  these  renderings 

40 


the  lengthening  of  the  letter  does  not  repeat  the  first  conson- 
ant, bnt  adds  tr  to  it.  the  tr  taking  effect  after  the  hook.* 

This  dual  function  of  the  lengthening  principle  and  final  hook 
combined,  is  a  very  common  expedient  in  shorthand  practise,  and  is 
found  to  be  free  from  the  slightest  difficulty,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the 
distinctions  relied  upon  are  fully  supplied  by  the  context  in  which  words 
of  these  two  classes  occur. 

Outlines  of  the  ftr-ntr  class,  however,  can  be  vocalized  by  the  de- 
tached method  only;  yet  they  can  be  used  in  many  instances  without 
vowels.* 

115.  Initial  and  final  hooks  are  used  for  are,  have  and 
will  on  the  ticks  for  /.  how.  he.  him,  who,  have,  of  and  all.  in 
the  following  phrases.* 

PUNCTUATION  MARKS. 

116.  The  marks  for  indicating  punctuation  conform  gen- 
erally to  those  used  in  ordinary  longhand,  with  the  exception 
that  in  place  of  dots  a  small  cross  is  substituted.* 

THE  STEM  ALPHABET. 

117.  In  order  that  the  option  may  be  had  of  choosing 
the  outlines  of  greatest  brevity  for  the  list  of  Special  Pre- 
fixes and  Suffixes  which  is  given  at  page  43,  of  Word  Signs  at 
page  10.  and  of  Phrases  at  page  62,  the  pure  shorthand  signs 
are  there  given  as  alternatives  whenever  they  offer  an  outline 
that  is  shorter  and  at  the  same  time  practical. 

118.  As  these  alternative  outlines  introduce  stems  not 
heretofore  presented,  the  complete  stem  alphabet  is  given 
herewith,  for  the  convenience  of  those  who  desire  to  make  use 
of  it.  in  the  limited  manner  suggested,  in  writing  the  contrac- 
tions referred  to.* 

119.  With  the  two  exceptions  of  I  and  r,  which  are  explained  at 
If  120- 122,  all  vertical  and  slanting  stems  are  written  in  a  downward 
direction ;  all  horizontal  stems,  from  left  to  right. 

In  the  examples  given  at  ,r  120-122  to  illustrate  the  gen- 
eral rules  as  to  the  direction  of  writing  I  and  r,  the  vowels  there  writ- 
ten detached   (in  the  letter  forms  already  used)   will  make  the  illustra- 

41 


tions  clear.  In  pure  shorthand  each  of  these  vowels  would  be  denoted 
by  one  of  the  detached  dots  or  dashes  shown  in  the  vowel  scale  at 
*143. 

120.  (a)     I  is  written  upward  when  standing  alone* 

(b)  Upward  or  downward  when  joined  to  following  stems,  accord- 
ing to  which  gives  the  better  junction,  the  general  rule  being  to  write  it 
downward  after  initial  vowels,  and  upward  when  it  is  itself  the  initial 
letter.* 

(c)  Upward  when  followed  by  a  final  vowel.* 

(d)  Downward  when  I  itself  is  the  final  element.* 

121.  The  straight  stem  for  r  is  always  written  upward.* 

122.  The  curved  stem  for  r  is  always  written  downward,  and  (like 
downward  I)  is  used  chiefly  after  initial  vowels,  *a;  before  horizontal 
stems,  *b,  and  when  r  is  the  final  element  of  a  word,  *c;  upward  r 
being  used  when  followed  by  a  vowel  as  the  final  element  of  a  word,  *d. 

The  foregoing  rules  are  scarcely  necessary  to  be  stated  for  the 
limited  use  of  the  stems  embodied  in  the  contractions  referred  to,  but 
have  been  here  set  forth  for  reference  on  the  part  of  any  writers  wlm 
may  at  a  later  stage  desire  to  employ  in  their  general  style  a  larger 
use  of  the  stems  than  has  been  prescribed  in  the  preceding  pages  of  the 
Manual. 

OPTIONAL  STEM  for  r  and  rd. 

123.  (a)  Not  to  complicate  unduly  the  style  of  writing 
for  beginners,  the  use  of  stems  has  been  limited  to  that  already 
recommended,  including  only  those  for  j,  t,  ith,  m  and  n, 
the  last  two  optional.  If  a  further  use  of  stems  is  found  de- 
sirable by  any,  that  for  r  should  be  the  next  taken  up.  This 
stem  offers  a  convenient  form  for  r,  particularly  for  initial 
re  and  final  ry;  and  a  half-length  r  can  be  safely  used  for  the 
termination  rd;  or,  if  preferred,  stem  r  and  d-stroke  may  be 
used  for  this  latter  termination.* 

(b)  If  the  stem  is  used  for  r,  the  ded-slrokc,  so  called, 
(r36  and  note  following)  should  be  discontinued,  and  ded 

may  be  safely  written  with  the  same  horizontal  stroke  that  is 
used  lor  ted.  The  terminations  ted  and  ded  are  sufficiently 
distinguished  by  context  to  avoid  confusion  thru  the  use  of 
the  same  sign  for  both.* 

(c)  If  the  half-length  r  is  adopted  for  rd,  the  upward 

42 


tick  for  d  after  o,  q,  v.  w  (^32),  should  like  wise  be  discon- 
tinued, and  d  after  such  letters  written  with  the  downward 
tick  slanting  to  the  right,  or  with  the  straight  comma  tick 
disjoined.* 

(d)  The  downward,  or  curved,  stem  for  r  may  be  used, 
if  desired,  when  r  is  the  final  letter  of  a  word,  and  the  up- 
ward, straight  r  when  followed  by  a  vowel,  thus  distinguish- 
ing consonant  from  vowel  endings.* 

(e)  Or  the  upward  stem  may  be  used  exclusively  and  a 
final  vowel  indicated  by  a  dot  or  specific  vowel.* 

SHORT  SIGNS  FOR  w  and  y. 

124.  Another  expedient  used  occasionally  in  the  special 
contractions  for  Prefixes  and  Suffixes,  Word  Signs  and 
Phrases,  consists  in  the  short  forms  for  w  and  y  given  here- 
with, Avhose  application  will  be  readily  understood  from  the 
outlines  in  which  they  occur  in  the  lists  of  those  contractions. 

SPECIAL  PREFIXES  AND  SUFFIXES. 

125.  This  list  is  especially  advised  for  all  writers.  By 
learning  the  few  abbreviations  therein  contained,  hundreds 
of  words  can  be  cut  down  one-half  or  more.  The  abbrevia- 
tions are  all  very  suggestive,  are  therefore  easily  memorized, 
and  can  be  put  into  use  at  once. 

(The  stem  equivalents  given  may  be  used  at  the  option  of  the 
writer.) 

alogy-ology,  written  with  j,  disjoined. 

•analogy,  etymology,  philology,  tautology,  phrenology,  geology, 
physiology,    &c. 

alogist-ologist. 

•etymologist,  philologist,  mineralogist,  &c. 
alogical-ological. 

•genealogical,  theological. 

able,  ably;  ble,  bly, — with  b,  joined  or  disjoined. 

43 


•fashionable  y,  lamentable  y,  inseparable-y,  i'avorable-y  (w.  s.), 
exeeptionable-y  returnable,  indigestible-y,  curable,  permissible  y,  ac- 
cessible-y,  exhaustible,  excitable,  &<•. 

ability-ibility, — with  b  and  t-stroke. 

*saleability,  excitability,  cxplainahility,  permissibility,  accessibil- 
ity, incontestibilty. 

bJeness,  fulness,  iveness,  lessness, — with  bs,  fs,  vs  and  Is 
respectively,  disjoined. 

•variableness,  agreenbleuess,  teachableness,  changeableness  (w.  s.), 
peaceableness ; 

joyfulness,  painfulness,    wastefulness,   hurtfulness,   healtht'ulness; 

construetiveness,  persuasiveness,  destructiveness,  alimentiveness,  se- 
cretiveness,  decisiveness,  comprehensiveness,  extensiveness,  expensiveness, 
acquisitiveness,   posith cness ; 

shanielessness,  fearlessness,  worthlessness  (w.  s.),  thanklessness  (w. 
s),  iaultiessness,  endlessness,  heedlessness,  carelessness,  helplessness, 
list  lessness,  recklessness. 

ever, — with  letter  v,  joined  or  disjoined, 
•evermore,    everlasting,    overliving,    wherever     (w.    s.),    whichever, 
(w.  s.),  forever   (w.  s.),  whenever   (w.  s.). 

On  ticks,  with  v  hook. 
"however,  whoever. 

ficial. — with  f-ish,  joined  or  disjoined. 
•official,  beneficial,  sacrificial,  artificial. 

for,  fore,  form, — with  f,  joined  or  disjoined. 

•forbear,  forbade,  forbears,  forbore,  forever,  forget-ing,  forgot 
(distinguished),  forgotten,  forgive-n-ing-ness   (give  w.  8.). 

foreknown,  foreknowledge  (w.  s.),  foreman,  forerunner,  foreordain, 
foreordination,  foreknew,  forebode-ing. 

form-ed-er-ing-crly-ation,  formally,  inform-ed-er-ing-ation,  reform, 
conform,  misinform. 

magna,  magne,  magni, — by  m  placed  above  the  remainder  of 
the  outline. 

*magnanimous-imity,  magna  charta,  magnetize-d-ing-ation,  magnet- 
ism, magnetic,  magnesia  iuni,  magnify,  magnitude,  magnificent,  magnilo- 
quent. 

mental-ly,  mentality, — by  mnt  stroke,  disjoined. 

•sacrament-al,  elementally,  fundamentally,  complement-al,  compli- 
ment -al,  detriment  ally,  instrument-al-ality,  experimentally  (w.  b.), 
ornamentally,  supplementally,  monumentally,  rudimental-Jy. 

mrntary, — by  mnt  stroke  and  r-hook.  disjoined. 

44 


'elementary,   complementary-complimentary,   rudimentary. 

ncial,    ntial. — by    n-hook,  or    n-stem,  omitting  the  remaining 

letters. 

•financial,   circumstantial    (w.   s.),  substantial,  prudential,   confiden- 
tial. 
self, — by  s-cirele  on  the  line,  disjoined. 

'self-evident,  s-interest,  s-esteem,  s-culture,  s-defense,  s-dependent, 
s-destructive-tion-iveness,  s-edueate-d-ing-tion,  s-examination,  s-help,  s-love 
s-possessed-sion,  s-reproach,  s-protection,  s-righteous-ness,  s-same, 
s-sufficient  (w.  s.),  swilled,  selfish-uess-ly,  s  support  ing,  s-reliant-ance, 
s-sustaining; 

herself,  ourself  (distinguished),  myself,  thyself,  himself,  yourself, 
itself,  one  's  self. 

self-corn,  by  placing  the  s-circle  in  the  position  of  the  cow- 
dash. 

*selfcompIacent,  s-eoneeit-ed,  s-confessed,  s-conscious-ness,  s-eonvict- 
ed-ing-tion. 

selves, — by  the  ss-circle,  joined. 

'themselves,  ourselves,  yourselves  (w.  s.). 
ship, — by  ish,  disjoined. 

'courtship,  hardship,  stewardship,  friendship,  horsemanship,  work- 
manship, partnership,  copartnership,  executorship,  clerkship,  township, 
flagship,  workship,  unship  ,  reship-ed-ing. 

soever. — with  letter  s  and  r-hook. 

'whenccsoever,  howsoever,  whomsoever,  whithersoever,  wheresoever 
(w.  s.). 

super. — by  letter  s  placed  above  remainder  of  outline. 

'supernumerary,  s-fluous,  s-ficial,  s-intend-ant-ing-ance  (w.  s),  8- 
iority,  s-impose-d-ing,  s-structure,  s-erogation,  s-heated,  s-sensitive,  u- 
stition. 

trith,  by  ith,  joined  or  disjoined. 

'withal,     withdraw-n-ing-al,     withold,     witheld,     within,     withstand, 

withstood ; 

forthwith,  wherewithal    (w.  s.). 

worthy, — by  short  w-sign  prefixed  to  ith,  joined  or  disjoined 
from  the  following  letter. 

'worth-ily-iness,    noteworthy,   seaworthv-iuess. 

45 


THE  WORD  SIGNS  AND  PHRASES  WRITTEN  IN 

THREE  POSITIONS. 

126.  The  well  known  and  invaluable  shorthand  expedient 
of  writing  words  in  different  positions  with  respect  to  the 
line  of  writing,  is  introduced  in  the  following  arrangement  of 
the  Word  Signs  and  Phrases,  since  by  this  means  the  vowels 
may  be  indicated  without  having  to  be  written. 

127.  These  positions  are  designated  respectively  first 
place,  second  place  and  third  place.  A  first  place  outline  is 
written  above  the  line  of  writing;  a  second  place  outline,  on 
the  line,  and  a  third  place  outline,  through  or  below  the  line. 

128.  The  position  in  which  an  outline  shall  be  written  is 
determined  by  its  leading,  i.  e.,  its  accented,  vowel  sound,  and 
the  vowel  sounds  are  divided  into  three  groups  corresponding 
to  the  three  positions  above  described.* 

129.  A  word  is  written  in  the  first  place  when  its  accented 
vowel,  (or  its  only  vowel,  if  it  have  but  one.)  belongs  to  the 
first-place  group ;  and  in  like  manner  the  vowels  of  the  second 
and  the  third  place  groups  determine  when  a  word  shall  be 
written  in  the  second-  or  the  third  place. 

130.  When  a  consonant  outline  is  composed  of  several 
letters  or  stems,  written  at  different  levels,  the  function  of 
position  letter  is  assigned  to  the  first  script  letter,  or  the  first 
slanting  or  vertical  stem,  as  the  case  may  be,  which  occurs  in 
that  particular  outline,  and  not  to  any  horizontal  stem  which 
may  occur  therein.  A  preceding  horizontal  stem  is  joined  to 
such  position  letter  or  stem  at  any  level  which  may  be  neces- 
sary to  carry  the  latter  into  its  required  position;  and,  like- 
wise, all  following  characters  are  added,  (at  any  level  they 
may  happen  to  fall  into,)  to  such  position  letter.  In  other 
words,  the  first  occurring  letter,  slanting  or  vertical  stem, 
talcs  t he  place  position,  without  regard  to  the  position  into 

46 


which  the  non-position  characters  may  fall.  Therefore,  in 
reading  the  outlines,  and  also  in  writing  them,  regard  is  had 
only  to  the  position  letter  in  determining  the  position  of  any 
particular  word.* 

131.  "When  an  outline  is  composed  wholly  of  one  or  more 
horizontal  stems,  these  are  of  course  used  as  position  letters.* 

132.  Consonants  in  the  first  position  are  written  half  the 
length  of  letter  t  above  the  line;  in  the  second  position,  on 
the  line;  in  the  third  position,  through  or  below  the  line; 
except  that  double  length  letters  in  the  first  position  terminate 
just  above  the  line ;  in  the  seeond  position,  slightly  below  the 
line ;  in  the  third  position,  about  equally  divided  by  the  line.* 

133.  In  position  writing  the  digraphs  chay,  emb,  ing, 
whay  and  xp,  (W4-11)  when  occurring  with  other  letters  or 
strokes  in  a  word,  may  be  distinguished  in  the  usual  way  by 
being  dropped  slightly  beldw  such  other  letters  or  strokes.* 

134.  In  the  few  instances  in  which  one  of  the  foregoing 
digraphs  occurs  as  the  only  consonant  in  a  word  not  other- 
wise distinguished,  the  digraph  may  be  accompanied  by  and 
dropped  below  the  necessary  vowel  letter.* 

135.  The  digraphs  may  be  distinguished  from  letters  c, 
m,  n,  w  and  x  as  simple  letters  in  the  third  position,  by  writ- 
ing the  digraphs  through  the  line,  and  the  simple  letters 
below  the  line,  i.  e.,  in  the  third  position. 

NOTE— 

136.  So  far  as  the  position  distinctions  enter  into  the  use 
of  the  word  signs  and  phrases,  it  would  be  quite  possible  to 
memorize  them  arbitrarily,  but  an  understanding  of  the  un- 
derlying principles  will  assist  in  learning  them,  by  way  of 
suggestion.  Position,  writing,  however,  is  recommended  for 
general  use  as  fast  as  it  can  be  acquired,  a  few  words  at  a 

47 


time,  particularly  for  many  of  the  commonest  weirds,  like  to, 
it,  at.  by,  be,  and  a  mass  of  words  of  that  class,  which  the 
writer  can  quickly  learn  to  distinguish  in  this  way,  so  as  to 
save  writing  their  vowels. 


48 


WORD   SIGNS. 

A • are,  our,  hour .....££, 


an  or  and architect-ure. 

according,  according  to as  or  has 


,A 


acknowledge ./.....  assemble-y ^?X\. ■.&£..  &7T*... 

administratrix Xfr astonish-ed 

advantage /,. bank-note .tV^>j< 

advertise bankrupt , -f\---\ 

eh 2 baptism km...£X. !fe 

almost &T. because .„ 

become,                                Q 
all y.^X....^ became U. 

already J\. before //?... <?T...M 

Cj 
altogether .<£?. began  r. 


among-st .^..^.....^ begun Ci..... 

angel / begin 

anniversary \^l...CCT...St^....  believe i\...£T....e. 

another belong VT....<2T 

antagonist-ic 7j -^ beneficial (j^..  . 

a°y ^.. ..£*".... ^ benignant ,. Lyfy- 

anybody <Zt....^. between J. 

anything ^ GX.... „„.,....  beyond (... 


49 


o  >\  controveisy, 

bretheren u?....@T.....A controvert b. 

brother Jfr...  <7^"....A correct £& 

brotherinlaw w^...£T....\^.  could 

but fc.j£f..A county JS 

can cross-examine K. 

capable Crr cross-question W; 

captain S\.....  danger ...Qa 

ca.hoHc %.. Decent dU.^.-fife*.. 

certificate crt...QT....ft^l....  defendant £<v. 

change  C. degree 

C  7 

charge /i. de!inquent-ency .fyc 

characteristic .~si deliver ..a. 

children  ^J(. Democrat-acy-atic. 


Christian J& describe £>. 


ircutnstance £. develop ^fj^...OX...(?i^. 

f did d 


citizen 
collect 


C_ difference-en t .J. 

come C*-. difficult-y .^....OS.....^.. 

consequence  Dp?.....  dignify 7^' 

consequent <3.t?.....  dignity .y\ 

contingency, 


tingent | discriminate.. 

50 


..OX. 


distinct .j[. familiarity....^. Q7F. . .  .{J. . . . 

do .Cf.....  favorable .«-=?  .. 

dollar February .jL{?- 

domestic ^Ts/.)..QX..cL^()  financial  ...^^....CrX.....^^. 

during i first V. OX. fsa... 


Zt first f 


each ^. for,  form  «Cr. OrM. ^«... 

electric as. from .£7t7 :.... 

endeavor „V gave Q 

Episcopal J/X/.-)....;  general ly J.. 

'  Y/  / 

equality y. generation lj. 

especial-ly Jf\..  gentleman \. 

establish ' gentlemen XT. 

estimate .&).....  gent •/■. 

Evangelical 7HZ... 


give-n. 


V. go. 


Cf   9 


exclude. 


.X govern {7. 


exclusive J& governor 

expect \A had 


d 


cr- 


experience. 


X 


half TI....QX. 


ertraordinary has  or  as. 


I 


familiar J. ..j©T.  ...J.  „ have 


51 


he I intelligence </. 

health-y Ji. intelligent /.. 

hear,  here __. QX.  ....:\ interrogatory J. 

heaven .TVC*. is  or  his , 

help .JL January A'.\...fKK.. 


yL January J?!. 


her Jl..Mt. ."^ July 

him I June 


j: 


his  or  is  junior 

O 


j 

f 

home 3*y...&T.  ...krr*.....  jurisprudence.. ..£.....<X£......3...... 

hope lf\. kingdom (. (K£. 

I knowledge ./...OX: '... 

immediate v*y(.....QX. language /JTl 

important-  ce ^^. large :.. 

improve  ^^.....0?T. legislature X 


improvement C7l? lengthy l. 

indignant-nity .<?£....  ^rrr^y..       malignant OXl.:....^ 

indispensable J\r?..GT....^?b      manager \!?7......Crf: /..... 

yki^.CCC.^Sr manufacture Jr.....#X 


inform 

influence^    v n^*  n  A 

influentialT^.ferrrV^^^^.T^T^manuscript KVVA...^T....rrrV.?K1 

inscribe ^Cfo...tt..^rZ)%     March ^....QT .^^7 

itisuratice .OX. ., Massachusetts &T. 

52 


maximum O,  oh,  owe (&....&$.. ...rr. 

member M...Ctf..t.r7^ object.    .Of.. .(&Mk%lx.Qt\$&* 

memorandum .£>...$( objection \X\.    .#X.    \) 

memoranda \H^.. .  9Z.  CH^T.. .  ( observe,  1&1 ., .  lltf. .  .<W . .  !Stf.  ... 

ntal .<tk observation...  (£T  ..$?,    .^T/T. 

a 


me 

mentally  O. October 


minimum iTf. of / 

misdemeanor  ....y^..  ..#f opinion' L. ...... 

mister  „,. #T opportunity /..... 

mortgage .?.... sXf 7* other 


movement ...       our,  hour,  are 

neglect <..\ over  


negligence '...Vo own &?.... 

f.A>r. parliament  ary f    .  .. 


A 


negligent .'..\.>r. parliament  ary 

never tXi part 

nevertheless rSrfo. particular "~7J  .  . 

nobodv Y\... &$.... .>r?>. particularity . 

1 

notwithstanding  peculiar 


November AM peculiarity. 


*P 


now,  new  (^59) J pecuniary /)• 

number U..£T....\ people 


53 


~/r 


perform 


7l question Qi 

perpendicular L  railroad <JOX 

.' ./.. recollect. „../.L 


perpendicularity  '. /. recollect  .....<.. \...QTf...  <^\. 

phonographer-phy    n....j JJ.?.'...  record /% 

plaintiff ./\ recover f  ..v. 

popular-ily   /. ...  reference  ....?\x..XrS  ...<<?..... 

V  a  ".  ft 

possible-bly/bilily./...  .j x regularity. ...'.V.....y 

practical-ly  .' religion ...... ^.....^^ 

practicablejbility....'.  ....^.....'K^.....  remarks ftf. .. 

practise /. remember .<2#ll...(?T....£k^\.. 

preliminary    .......O.J? represent ^....OX <r^\ 

prerogative '. republic-Sh....<^....fTI rrT^i,.... 

preservation ...JWX.    Ctf.  . forT....  repugnant (./\r)..&X...!.<?7D. 

principal-pie (L  responsibility  .^ <£C y&--' 

privilege 

probable-ly 

proportion 

public-sh  '. ./\....„ revolution 

qualify „.\j. Roman  Catholic Z\. 


.% responsible £*...> fim>.$f.  ...^fa 

..  ../ resurrection    JM\.p2k?...$t..£,. 


reverend <^Tk .....<?... 


quality 


satisfaction ..^.....vTr.... 


quarter    ....  satisfactory........^! 


54 


savings-bank •V'^L) southwest..  .  \M.....(t£....fil(iJ&.  ... 

L-  .  ior .x. speak-er C----J 'I 

send special-ly Y\ ■■■ 

*ent ?S. specification  ./To ££;.../$ 

September...  fvm...OTf...fi^>. spoke-n I0:....j> .^ 

several .Y. subject LT..&X !> 

soever ^U subscribe  12<3&...SX... JSUW 

shall or..... subscription.  Pyd....Cr?......^/j.... 

should ...PT:..^) suggestion -tive U...j>...0. 

significance-ant  .^/L    ^....jA superintend-ent 

signify yQ. superintendence 

similar ., <rf. superficial 

sumharity. ...:.'..    OX... surprise '• 

single-ly 5^q swear 


4 

,7rf., 

4 


singular .^1 swore  sworn  ...rM..) 


W  ,     °iAT 


something. ..^V)....C^r.  ,.<T\ sympathy.        .  ...QT..  ...<rT>.. 

somewhat..^.!..   CX...#!^ svstem p? 

( 
rbere^*.<tt^.J#.4C>/       thank' > 

....#£.. .<rV.... 

southern-erly....^    > V\ the 


somehow  CXYS. CrT....<T~>. that S. 


southeast -v there,  their,  they  are \. 


55 


them  v. were,  where ft.... 05.. S..... 

these P.T....Y. what .Of.  ...„. .... 

Z  J 

thing. ft. when  £•.... 01.... yj?. . 


thiuk  /. which £.. 

together Q. while 


true   Jl who,  whom  

truth  1 whose 


fc 

understood s «r* width  ?.. 

tmdersigned S*~rrffr: with /., 

uniform »j without 


United  States IL world $. 

universe Mtf. worth k. 

university... 


,Utf\ worthy . k. 


usual  -ly .....0X...) would ffX 

2     At     J 

was (<•.... year 


we 


en 


H 

you'your xj>-u-m~n 


56 


THE  DERIVATIVES  OF  THE  WORD-SIGN  WORDS. 

136.  The  derivatives  of  the  words  written  with  word- 
signs  are  Avritten  in  accordance  with  the  rules  for  joining  to 
words  in  general  their  various  terminations.  Therefore,  Avhen 
a  word-sign  itself  is  learned  the  forms  for  its  several  termina- 
tions are  suggested  by  general  principles  and  do  not  have 
to  be  memorized  arbitrarily,  like  the  word-signs  themselves. 

The  following  list  will  be  of  assistance  as  a  further  review 
of  the  general  rules  and  in  more  quickly  acquiring  the  best 
forms  for  this  useful  list  of  abbreviations. 

accordingly becoming-ly...  JJ....JJ/L 

acknowledged-ing-ment.^.../.  .TV...  beforehand sL±...CF?....\.'!-. 

I  advantageous^ly^ness,         " 

\  disadvantage foJw.Ja^DXJh^  A,  believed-ing-ablef1 LWt^O.. 

ladvertised-ing-e^^H^  fe't&.SVV 

(  ment .». vf belonged-ing;ings.r/. .»..©. .J...... :...•. 

f  capability 

always <£ \  incapability.^.^^4.^.^^ 

angelic .s/.. certifi\:ated-tionofy...7.<A.^.<Xf.e?t    . 

°^  J  changing-ableness;  exchange. 

assetabled-\ng.yn.^y\.'9.it^..!t^\t.....       \  unchange,  interchange-ed-able.. 

.  ,  .       ,                d)    Cbx   aU  „  ,  <rr      , 

astonishing-ly-ment...f .(^.(YLojf.x^. 


bankruptcy .^. . . -2X. .,•••.       Christianity,  Christmas.^i^j^?^. . 

baptistry VT. circumstances-ed-tia0...d 


57 


citizens-ship.. .P &M.«£.       cLA~. . dr\Q. .  .C^Tv^^.. 

*  _     ~*        >^  5  electrical-ly-tficity-tro-trode- 


->        y  S  electrical-ly-tricity-1 

11&...C....C..C.        jtrif 


collected-or-ing-tionSr...>wt...Q...C-        \  trify-trification 


coming 

consequential £y7.. endeavored  ing-er.TY/...7y^.....TVCl. 

controversial (/.X Episcopacy-alian....Z/^....Zy^£... 

corrected-ing-ly-tion-nessQ;fri.C<.'.  established-ing-ment..... r? 

S^i...Ui^.dh^.Of..^i^.  estimated-ing-tion-orjO.if^P 

\  endanger (tih.....Q^ll..7^y.  excluded-ing-sion-sive-ly.?<r..&.^ 

delivered-ing-y-ance-erer. .7... .../..  fa X»a 


f  expected-ing-ation-ant, 
\ 


escribed-ing ■?. *.....        <  inexperienced...-^..,^..  v,--,L1>sj>v  . 

escriptive-tion.... .//.«..  ..../!>,....       extraordinarily .\™>. 

developed-ing-ment<^..C^..Co/      familiarly,  unfamili 


developed-ing-ment<^..(^..Coi      familiarly,  unfamiliar /L./^./.X^.. 
differed-ing-ential-entiation...^y....      financially....!/^/. 

•qt-Tsh^-Tafe^  firstly f 

difficultly .Jb. fornied-ing-ation-ality..£ 4 

dignifying,  undignified;^:.  .^L.       ,'.jL{..tiT.Jte....f£.. 

'  U"*n  "•■atSon  ,/d  ej 

n U... 

fp 
.y^pK^..^^^..y^....^A:^.....      gentlemanly. 

(  rlietinptnccchnti  •       — '  r i   : 


discriminated 


a'           A  Jigenerawbn./degenerationvregeii- 

mg-tlon/>Wy^     \eration U. a. 7X. 

{^..y^....^^.....      gentlemanly 

f  distinctness-tion,          •        .— >  <  governed-ing-ment 

{ indis.inc,^^.^  ^     -r#*fcfc 

s~J     y]  j  helpless-lessneSs-fuL?      */?    /? 

domesticate-ding-ation  .SrifrX^J.       j  fulness .^.O.^^.^.^rLia 


58 


-ai.  ^C  ^  $n 


I  historic 

\  histrionic  ....'.". '..7......'..^...!..  opinionate-d....yL....y'  .... 

J  hopeless-lessnesfi,        0    ~  '  7  .  I 

\  ful-fulness...y?^./]/ta../\r---A-/)^  performance 

immed 


iately-ness...^v -9 preliminarily fl^Jj. 

inference-tiatyCj^.S'n^r^  probability (L 

inform-er-ation ^h- 77^fT7>.  publication .h^ 

^L/...QT..'^1>  recollected-ing-tion./L./L.Zl.. 

infiuential-ly TT^U. . . .  tTlL, reform-ed-er-iug-ation  A.A..A... 

inscription.^^...^..^^^..  ^  A y..y.^...^..^>.....t<> 

manufacturer-ory ?C.. r.. remembrance <\1<&. 

j  represented-ing^     q.    o    • 

membership MtV^. /??"... <TTX..  t  ative-ation A..A..ZI..A. j.^L?fe- 

mortgagee-or „_. revolutionary-ize-ized-izing.. .„£-:... 

~*«*^.&        n ;...  .^.....^....^ 

negligently f..\rf. speaking .£ 

objector-ive.....l^..i#.,?...Ntf..\ specialist-ty-ize  ••^^•^^•••A-r--- 


59 


WORDS     SPECIALLY     DISTINGUISHED. 

137      The   following   words   should  be   distinguished  in  the 
manner  shown  when  written  in  the  unvoweled  style  :- 

absolute,  obsolete .1 formally,  former1y..i6sr\..j4«r><v ... 

accession,  accusation. ..v$.....™t!...  forward,  froward  ...mM...Stijf. 

amiable,  humble. ...i/T Jm funeral,  funereal. ...J J. 

anybody,  nobody ..  .^^.  .,..£).  of  .vkV  garden,  guardiatf... j.xn 

birth,  breath vTJ. Ul gentleman,  giant.......... ~1. 

£  collision,  collusion,  ,      7 

\  coalition 0. gentlemen,  agent  ..L....L 

^ —  S  gentlemanly,  gentle,  //'      1 

c4- -Slz >ge,,teel ™£L*# 

corporal,  corporeal... /y%---w»- ■■■■■■       Ood,  guide f. .* 

d      %>      °hh  a      n 

caused,  cost  hold,  held fy £. 

(  damnation,  dimension,  <Jl^r^ 


limension 
domination Z'.^TT?.....      immigrate,  emigrate.  .^......'TXQ. 


.077^-?. 0TI2 impatient,  impassionate.7^...^p 

decease,  disease...../... .J indication,  induction^!. .<V..... 

deceased,  diseased. .Jt.j\....^l. ingenious,  ingenuous  TT^..../^).. 

depression,  depreciation<5*4t . . Wh*.  innovation,  invasion .Y...T..Y7... 


emigrate,  immigrate. lrrr/3 interested,  understood. 

endless,  needless.  „y<l3 -v. less,  else 


extension,  extenuation.^ *>. mission,  machine  ... <?T..... *..... <TT. 


fierce,  furious....*.. jf-wyi month,  minute. ...C \7^. 


find,  found//. 1 Mrs.,  Misses,  Miss ..„. 

60 


nobodv,  any  body  JI.^tt^.a Prussian,  Persian,  Parisiar/i./ift/^ 

M\       $  1      7         ^ 

obsolete,  absolute  ..r^. rD....  purpose,  propose  .ho...J\A 

partner,  part-owner  Z^,../. purser,  peruser A?\. . . .  ^ ._.  „. 

patient,  passionate../! / repression,  reparation /l/fa.... A... v. 

pattern,  patron. Dw?. /.V] resume,  re-assume  „ 

permanent,  pre-eminenWlr^ya-Tw^  situation,  station.  .^/.....U 

poor,  pure /... !.„ steady,  staid........  J Z7. 

prefer,  proffer  .^lA.. ...'... /}£....  support,  separate,  sport^,^W.!f\..„ 

probation,  prohibition./^. !•■*<•••  tartar,  traitor,  trader..J..U...K 

production,  predication?^. .. A^.  train,  turn J..^..  .l/L>. PT .  Y.. . 

promise,  premise. /^? .iCV7&....  truth,  true I ~ Cf._ 

property,  propriety ../hj...../Yl...  valuable,  voluble .. £ 

proportion,  preparation  A...  A^_.  valuation,  violation  ._ 

prosecution,  persecutiot/Vx^y?V.4?  valiant,  violent 

proscribe,  prescribe  W.l?1-...!^..  woman,  women.. QT... £— #" 

Prussia,  Persia 1l..  ../l£v_ 


uO 


61 


PHRASES 

all  there ££.. as  good  as 

always  there •(^ff*) as  great  as !?.... GO.. 

as  the,  as  to as  soon  as ._...<Jf.. __,....... 

C/L         Q_P 
^  f  as  soon  as  there-    ^b 

as  to  a....: \  their-they  are /rC^ . #f. _._-.. . 

as  to  the as  long  as -^A» 

^                              I  as  long  as  the- 
as  it  is \it 


£2  /  as  long  as  there- 

as  is,  as  has \  their-they  are..  . 


da>. 

4o- 


j  as  there-their            si  ft 

\  has  there-their ~.. as  well  as s&a. 

$  as  there  is,  /^ 

i  as  their  bas 77.. at  all 


<\  any  other,  • 

I  in 


there-their ., at  the fy. 


no  other !w_r*rrf.. at  all  events 

another  time TTT: at  all  times 

no  other  time ^^^rTrrr^];LJL:. at  another 

any  other  time ._. at  another  time 


are  all £T. at  the  same  ti 

are  not  cry at  some  time. 


at  their „ 


62 


Baptist  Church .UT^L. can  there  be...7r?..../?T....^\. 

bear  in  miad...V^.^.K.....Rf. can  this h^ 

I  because  there-  J\  c 

C  ran    w«»  ^t 


/  their-they  are 7. can  we 

j  became  of                      n                                                           (V 
"((  become  of H» can  you 

been  there.. 


J. .<?£...  \.......       cause  of  action  \\ 

It     9    >  r 

J Catholic  Church. j. /.. 


began  there-their J Catholic  Church.. ^. /..&.. 

begun  there-their 71. day  after  day  „Sw/.. 

begin  there-their Q day  or  two (TXtrj- 

^liion^W^X^X^}^   daytime (A. 

our  re- 1  -\  CL    .        (L        .        o  *^N 


I  best  of  jour  re- J  i  Q,       ^       .      o  ^^7 

I  collection v.O/.L..XU)<.L0t.\i'V,days  afterward ^/p-'- 

)  best  of  his  recoli^^  f\       K'?  U& 

\  lection  V..V^6.V^:.>»     dear  sir .J^.-M.....^^. 


j  best  of  their  reco 
\  lection 


better  than 1/S>.....<rr  ...<£> did  you remember...  JL--- 

bill  of  exchange V)^. did  not J..... 

bill  of  particulars  ....H        did  you  recollect -zj-9f 

>^S did  you  know jJ-^ 

A/rS. do  you-. Q"). 

can  be  .7I....£T...7\ do  you  remember Qrkrry. 

c>  A 

can  have do  not .C4.-rT.... 

can  they .77. doyou  recollect .QrTVC.A... 


by  and  by L£\ did  you  know .^l.U^f.. 

by  the  by \1tS. do  you 


63 


do  you  know...  £&..££^ has  it-the 

does  not Ow. has  it  not 

each  other  €^-i ^as  t^ere  not 


Eastern  States   .<^s..C^X..^..h....      has  that „... 

every  one \17.. has  this £.. 


extra  session... &\.... $$..... Xf\ have  we .CCf.. 

+*    <&       * 
faster  than ,..  .71. have  you.... 


su 


fellow  citizens .ft-f? have  all.. 

first  time ft£. have  a 

for  ever  and  ever...sk<\/.W< have  the. 

for  the  sake  of.. ful* how  will 


P 

% 


good  deal .- how  are 

great  deal  & how  are  we. 

greater  or  less    .  ..Q......Q. how  are  you 

had  been  7i„..>  ..V  ..££, he  will P. 

had  there  been.^^..:>7j?..<?rf.....'n.  he  will  have C 

had  therefore tp?. whowill 

4  a 

had  we who  will  have 

had  you lam ... 

had  not I  can. 

Aa 


r 


half  an  hour '.".. .". I  can  be... ^7..     <7T   ....T\ 


64 


1  decline .jU££ ■■ I  shall  be £....«: .\- 

I  find  ff. I  shall  not  be.. z\y. Crt...    ^ 

I  found     Zy I  shall  have ^ 

I  have  I  suppose Jfo, 

I  have  a '. I  suppose  it  is TpJ. 

I  have  the I  suppose  their  is .jbJ. 

A__ ^m  j  I  suppose  there 

Ihaveanother I  their-they  are 


:; <^D. 


I  have  not  I  want '#£.>.&£ 

[have  no <<w. I  won't -£tt?,. 

I  have  known 4^. I  went ...&< 

I  have  no  other  ...^S^rr^ I  would „..    ....OTT. 


I  have  found ^ I  would  not CrX..... 

I  may 4tt> *  was GX...X.. 

I  may  have ^rr> l  was  not ffX. 


of 


I  may  have  been  ...fcrp) I  will 

I  might  f!i I  will  not. 


I  might  not *fT. I  will  be '^...CnT ^\ 

I  must /rm. if  there  be.... 


I  must  be fcK>...QT...£S?...       if  therefore 

I  must  not >^9b< in  any  case 

I  shall  not in  consideration. 


65 


in  other  words ._ it  will  be /?...PX.../?.. 

in  point  of  fact C?. it  will  not P. 


in  reference.... V11^>... QX...jJ. it  would / 

in  regard ......./?£ it  would  be / .<?£.. ..y 

in  relation ^^ it  would  not j. 

in  the  world «, just  as &.. 

in  your  opinion..... Vrs^. just  as  much aTT^j. 

instead  of ^t& know  of tJZZ 

in  its larger  than... 


is  as,  is  his   „. longtime.. 

is  it,  is  the,  is  to longer  than 

is  its long  after.... 


...4. 


is  it  the may  have. 

is  it  as may  have  been <~sx 

0 

is  it  as  the ,M may  have  been  there. <pz.Q?...<^?... 


is  there mean  to  be  understood. ...17] 

is  therefore ., Methodist  Church b.c. 

it  has  been  1 <2f....j Methodist  Episcopal  Church L^ 

it  has  not  been..! £T...j. more  and  more <S7577> 

it  is  therefore J..L more  than iCTii 

it  will f. most  likely .Tr\ 

66 


-4*         -V 

most  of  the  time crp.. on  the  contrary... ..k}.... W. 


-H- 

•j^*> •••••      on  the  other  hand ITT/.  


Mr.  Chairman on  the  other 

Mr.  President 


must  be S7R..../?X...<& on  this :t£.. 

must  have CTZx other  than 

must  have  been...-rTX^...4tt.cCX? other  than  that 


"&-*"* 
^ 


must  have  been  there  <^>.$T.. <?>$>...      ought  to  have 
must  not  <3r^. ought  to  have  been 


5 

.1 

...L«.L' 

My  dear  sir..     ..^.....tt....^~L*....  ought  to  have  been  therein..  tr/.4/y 

my  own  opinion TTTT^L.. ought  we 

New  York  City JP. out  of  town.. M 

New  York  State ZJr. part  of., (Z 

night  time rTTT part  of  their /. 

no  sir ''V... ££.... Vr£ per  annum JX^m, 

not  to  my  knowledge I^tsc percent ./W 

notwithstanding  the  fact. ..7?". plaintiff's  counsel.. /)Lfl 

of  a /r point  of  view .<?. 

AT- 

of  the  At point  of  fact 

of  his 4 prima  facie .fcrrz^, ... 

of  that ;. ; Protestant  Church A.£ 

on  or  before.....X^.....\.0X.TT\>.  prorata  .7<\A....<?X...icV<1. 


67 


promissory  note: iff..:.. .......      that  have 


«A      0~\  tViafr   Viuua  Kaah 

Y 


rather  than.....s>...^T. that  have  been 

real  estate..^-... .Kf. .^p. that  is 

said  and  done... &,..££.:?. that  is  not. 


c 


f  that  there- their-  f 

\  they  are .>., 


seems  to  be..^ £T.  ...j^ 

p  r&           p  f>  J  that  it,                            ( 

set  forth. .IA GT....fcA \  that  the 

s.  <?        ( 

shall  have that  was .....&X. ...).. 

5,  0 

shall  not „. that  will 


shorter  than !s? thistime 


shall  not  be.....^L....<?X *\ ,  the  other .f.... 

short  time 1 this  has,  this  is {.... 

t 

should  have those  circumstances 

should  not to  have 1.. 

should  sot  be....^, &f., 

$  since  there 

\  their  they  are....x^..£f... . . ™ to  their ../. 

f  since  there  is 

\  since  there  has.jgrry./?!"..^^ too  much I...... 

so  to  speak 4zL to  the. 


i 


0TC... to  my  recollection.. i... J*.. &X...i^Q 


I 
someone  ..3%1,...<>X....<0. under  the  circumstances  >»— ~f 

some  way-same  way.^XV>...?rr..(C^...       under  those  circumstances.  s~r<£. 

state  of  facts -i-.M unless  it  is....AW..£f..Cr«4?. 

„. unless  there  is  f^y...<?T....<^?. 


thank  you  ... 


unless  they  are.(^y.../t$..G£2 would  you 

was  there.....??..... <?CF.. .../.. week  after (Jkffrs 

we  are (CX. were  all t£\...Q7T.....t/?. 

we  find y. years  of  age $, 

we  found .%. vearsold ,.../j 

wehavre yes  or  no....U ox....V±^t<. 

we  all . ,....  yes  sir U.. 

we  think S you  all 

we  will ft?C Q. you  have — 

00  <-* 

we  would you  knew iy^r 

what  you you  had  ,...&X.. ...,.,■ 

-  3  v,   o>        y 

when  we S you  shonld  not ^ 

^  when  would,  or  2, 

t  when  you €r. you  will „....fiX. VI"" 

a 

without  you yon  would.. 


y 


rv 

would  we 

From  and  to  may  be  omitted  in  phrases  like  the  following : 


from  time 


to  time Of from  day  to  dayd^.^C^.'.^.^M. 


from  week  to  week (jJ-(Jd 

Or  between  numbers  is  indicated  by  elevating  the  second:- 

eight  or  nine ?... 

To  between  numbers,  by  dropping  the  second  :- 

nineteen  or  twenty (,r\ 

69  .     * 


Dear  sir,  My  dear  sir,  dear  sirs,  dear  madam,  gentlemen. 
&c,  beginning  a  letter  or  other  communication,  may  be  de- 
noted   by    the    initials    only,  ds,    mds,    ds,    with   s  circle. 

(  gLQ  )  for  the  plural,  dm,  g,  &c. ;  and  the  phrases 

yours,  yours  truly,  yours  very  truly,  very  respect/idly,  faith- 
fully yours,  &c,  by  the  initials  y,  yt,  yvt,  vr,  fy,  &c. 

A  large  circle  or  ring  may  represent  a  long  Avord  or  a 
phrase  or  clause  repeated,  as  in  the  following  examples,  in 
which  the  clauses  in  italics  are  repeated  where  the  circle 
occurs :  S~\ 

Hath  not  thy  rose  a  canker,  (i/  thorn? 

Many,  a  man  succeeds  by  avoiding  obstacles  and  Q/ 
surmounting  them. 


70 


DETACHED  VOWELS. 


138.  The  briefest  method  known  of  writing  vowels  is  that 
so  widely  used  in  the  standard  systems  of  shorthand  and 
designated  the  detached  method,  whereby  dots,  dashes  and 
small  angles,  disjoined  from  the  consonant  outlines,  take  the 
place  of  Ihe  longhand  vowel  letters.  Another  advantage  of 
this  method  is  that  the  consonant  outlines  alwaj's  have  the 
same  form  whether  the  vowel  signs  are  inserted  or  not. 

There  is  no  practical  reason  why  these  detached  signs 
should  not  be  written  to  the  longhand  consonants  in  the  same 
way  as  they  are  written  to  the  shorthand  stems.  The  dots, 
dashes  and  angles  occupy  but  a  point  of  space,  and  the  short 
letters  of  the  script  longhand  afford  the  same  dimensions  for 
placing  the  signs  alongside  them,  in  the  three  positions  to  be 
illustrated  hereafter,  as  do  the  half  length  stems  of  shorthand, 
while  the  long  script  letters  have  dimensions  equalling  or  ex- 
ceeding those  of  the  full  length  shorthand  stems.  A  slightly 
open  spacing  of  letters  will  be  found  to  provide  amply  for  the 
most  extreme  cases,  such  as  will  arise  now  and  then  between 
letters  written  in  apposition. 

Were  it  necessary  in  the 'use  of  the  detached  vowel  signs  to 
adopt  them  all  at  once,  some  little  time  and  practise  would  be 
required  before  any  of  the  advantages  they  offer  could  be 
enjoyed.  But,  as  has  been  already  emphasized,  and  cannot  be 
too  often  repeated,  these  detached  signs,  like  any  of  the  other 
breves  whose  general  use  would  be  confusing  to  beginners, 
will  be,  even  to  beginners,  so  convenient  "in  spots"  that  the 
temptation  to  use  them  occasionally  will  be  irresistible.  By 
learning  to  use  them  in  this  way  for  occasional  words,  they 

71 


will  soon  become  as  familiar  as  the  letter  equivalents  them- 
selves; and  as  the  writer  becomes  more  accustomed  to  the  un- 
vowelled  outlines,  it  will  be  necessary  to  insert  the  vowels 
only  very  sparingly. 

139.  As  will  be  seen  byjeference  to  the  table  of  vowel 
signs  at  *143,  which  the  reader  should  here  consult,  six 
are  written  with  dots,  (three  of  the  dots  being  heavy  and 
three  light,)  six  are  written  with  dashes,  (three  at  a  right 
angle  to  the  consonants,  and  three  parallel  to  them.)  and  four, 
(the  diphthongs,)  are  written  with  angles. 

140.  The  heavy  dots  and  the  right-angle  dashes  represent 
the  long  vowels;  the  light  dots  and  the  parallel  dashes  repre- 
sent the  short  vowels;  while  the  four  angles,  as  just  stated, 
represent  the  diphthongs. 

141.  Each  dot  and  each  dash  represents  a  different  vowel 
sound  according  as  it  is  placed  beside  the  top,  the  middle  or 
the  botttm  of  a  consonant,  and  these  places  are  called  respec^ 
tively  first,  second  and  third  place. 

142.  The  diphthong  angles  are  written,  three  of  them  at 
the  top,  ;md  one  at  the  bottom,  of  letters;  that  is,  they  are  so 
assigned  theoretically  for  the  purpose  of  classification  as  first 
and  third  place  signs,  but  in  practise  the  diphthongs  are 
•legible  in  any  position  by  reason  of  the  difference  in  their 
angles. 

143.  The  following  table  gives  the  vowel  signs  written 
to  stem  /,  to  show  the  three  positions,  the  sound  assigned  to 
each  being  explained  in  each  case  by  the  equivalent  longhand 
connective  vowel  letter,  whose  use  will  have  become  familiar- 
ized in  the  word  lists  throughout  the  Manual.* 

144.  As  in  ordinary  usage  it  *is  never  necessary  to  distinguish 
between  the  a  in  alms  and  the  a  in  am,  or  between  the  long  and  the 
short  sounds  of  no.  as  pronounced  respectively  in  boot  and  hood,  the 
longhand   a   lias,   in   the   letter   notation    (1IT13-21)    been  used  for  both 

72 


these  sounds  of  a,  and  the  dropped-o  for  both  the  sounds  of  06. 

145.  The  following  table  shows  the  vowels  arranged  in 
three  groups  corresponding  to  the  three  positions  already  de- 
scribed.* 

146.  Double  vowels  may  be  indicated  by  the  double  angle 
already  introduced  at  ^22,  which  may  be  given  the  place 
of  the  accented  vowel  occurring  in  such  combination,  or  of  the 
first  vowel  if  neither  be  accented.* 

147.  When,  however,  such  concurring  vowels  would  not 
be  readily  suggested  by  the  context,  as  in  unfamiliar  proper 
names  and  other  words,  the  specific  sign  for  each  vowel  should 
be  written,  that  which  is  read  nearest  the  consonant  being 
placed  nearest  it,  and  the  other  slightly  distant  therefrom.* 

148.  Vowels  occurring  before  vertical  and  slanting  stems 
and  before  letters,  are  written  before  such  stems  and  letters, 
i.  e.,  to  the  left  of  them,  as  already  shown. 

149.  Vowels  occurring  before  horizontal  stems  are  writ- 
ten above  such  stems;  those  occurring  after  are  written  be- 
low.* 

150.     The  stem  for  r,  being  always  written  upward,  its 
first  place,  or  beginning  position,  is  at  the  bottom  of  the  stem.* 
The  same  is  true  of  stem  1,  when  written  upward.* 

151.  When  occurring  between  two  stems,  or  two  letters, 
or  a  letter  and  a  stem,  the  seven  first  place  vowels  are  written 
to  and  after  the  consonant  which  precedes  them  (*a)  ;  the  five 
third  place  vowels  to  and  before  the  consonant  which  folloAvs 
(*b)  ;  while  of  the  four  second  place  vowels,  the  two  which 
have  a  long  sound  are  written  to  the  preceding  consonant, 
and  the  two  which  have  a  short  sound  are  written  to  the  fol- 
lowing consonant   (*c). 

152.  The  foregoing  rule  is  chiefly  of  value  in  differentiating  the 
light  and  heavy  dot  vowels,  and  may  be  disregarded  when  its  observance 
would  throw  a  sign  into  a  crowded  position.* 

13 


153.  Vowels  placed  after  letters  or  stems  with  initial 
hooks,  are  read  after  such  hooks.* 

154.  Vowels  placed  after  letters  or  stems  with  final  modi- 
fications, are  read  before  such  modifications.* 

155.  Initial  circles  are  the  first  thing  read  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  initial  vowel  tick.* 

156.  As  a  detached  vowel  cannot  be  written  to  the  s  or  ss 
circle,  letter  s  or  z  must  be  used  in  words  in  which  it  is  the 
first  consonant  preceded  by  a  vowel,  and  in  which  it  is  the 
last  consonant,  followed  by  a  vowel.    (See  Wl-73.)* 

157.  When  a  vowel  occurs  between  a  stem  and  its  initial 
hook,  or  between  the  two  consonants  of  a  capital  compound, 
it  may  be  indicated  in  the  following  manner: 

a.  Dot  vowels,  by  changing  the  dot  to  a  circle.* 

b.  Dash  vowels,  by  curving  the  dash.* 

c.  Diphthongs,  by  striking  them  thru  stems;  thru,  over, 
under  or  within  capital  compounds.* 

158.  A  vowel  following  an  indicated  intervening  vowel  is 
written  after  it.* 

159.  The  dropped-m  for  mb  takes  intervening  vowels  in 
the  same  way  as  capital  compounds.* 

160.  Double  length  stems  and  letters  are  vocalized  as  two 
independent  characters,  each  having  the  same  vowel  places 
as  when  standing  alone.* 


74 


1 

a {iC-d % F^L<jks\/k£tn K Q/v cjjti  sil u \j cuxc/7 

5-.-G.. .chat,  chaff.  witch,  mischief,  Dutch  &c. 

^..^e.ai^^c^cnr^v^t >yvkJk          ^^ 

B..M.damp,        hamper,       number,       umbrella,      timber,      limber  &c. 

&&m      &fhr*te**KS^^ 

7-./<\...sing,  wing,  bang,  ringer  &c. 

^ <^ ^^ ^W^ 

8. ..$..ish,— mesh.  ca«h.  rush,  shall,  shallow,  ferocious,  mustache 

/n^  cos..*jj±..sqSI soSbd  pj&4 h^MrQ^. 

zhee, — measure,  azure,  casual.  usual 

^ <Vi °%? 4rf- 

§...(....ith,— think,    thigh,    thaw,     lath,     length,     bath,     wrath,     thick 

.^..or..^.j.Ci :...C.tM..^.^.<ff/Li.(^.A^. Ue 

rfA^r,  tho,  them,  those,  with,  writhe,  sithe 

(SflLffl  C  6e^n  or  .^m;  ...y<^    (*&.&.<*%....&& s&i  . 

10- .^-.whence,  which,  whip,        '         what,  why 

jjj&ftA.  ..<rt  ufM. 0^<*ajzufycn  (^ <&°\  ^U)1     (#* 

W  ..v.. expect,         expel,     expose,     express,     expend,     expire,     export 

75 


12-    f>  soft,—  since,  whence,  chance,  choice,  cancer 

sM/rv) utfZmA QO/ysA. &m4. ^<+wAfr 

g,  soft,— large,  merge,  George,  knowledge 

Xa^M.J^ tN&y JJf\ *U$ 

allege,  wedge,  stage,  geography 

ah[ c^4 <4lO[ .jj^mA!(^...aT..^i^.. 

kw,  cqu,  cho, — awkward,     acquired,      quire-choir,     quarrel,     quell 

o^Jbd. &4U3sd qjih <^M..^. 

13.  L,onga,.<6L.    Short  a, ..(A... 

at,        ate-eight,  bat,  bate-bait,  hat,        hate,         nay-neigh 

<\ .-6J (jq fa^ A^ A^ -K& 

14.  Long*. ...£...    Short  e,JL.. 

meet,  met,  reed-read  (present  tense, )  red-read  (past  tense,)  lead, 

-ttvj^JfcU ft£d. _ &&d. &d. 

(verb,)  led-lead  (a  metal)  meed,  meadow 

%%d. ^td_m$d$.. 

15.  Long  i./St-.    Short  is\.. 

high,         height,          hit,          light,          lit,          spite,  spit 
AA Aa, ^\ £i £^L.r£fai r^4 

16.  Long  0, $..££.$....     Short  o,.Q. 

76 


hope,       hop,        mope,        mop,        choke,        chock,       own,       on 

Afij\ h#f\  mzp. fiM$s.„.$$k <^&k Jtok....a*\ 

17-  oo,  long  and  short, ..Q 

oo,  long, — boot,         toot,         fool,         loop  tooth,        douche 

U® t>< far? -*Vf\ -^ ^(^r- 

oo,  short, — foot,  root,  roof,  hood 

f[0\ ?h\ • Af <W 

18-  aw, .../!....     taught,  law,  thaw,  aught-ought, 

^ %k ; ** <\ 

naught- nought,  broad,  thought 

\ ^W Qj, 

O  ■      . 

19  oi, boil,  roil,  toy,  joy,  coin,  oyster 

20  ozv,  .0...  .how,  now,  out,  towel, 

AS Ko oi Lof .... 

21.     I-ong  «,.(^...     duty,  putty,  beauty,  but,  cute,  cut,  new,  few,  pew 

*hfy./UAAq :.^..K^%^ 

21  c.     on-own,  add-aid,  or-ore,  set-seat,  her-here 

Cn..M ad..&A <&J&..A*±MX Ash\ 


77 


22-  diamond,    idiom,    fluid,  union,  deify,'    gayety,     super- 

^ryvy^../^.dm\.}pi yjvCw* 4ifiLj&jtyj4&h: 

fluous,    expiate,    loyal,     filial,     annual,  .renewal,     ingenious,     ingen- 

$4 ** ii£...^M..cM^ 

uous,     fieur  de  lis,     Colosseum,     odious,     iodide,     iodin 

il/yQl  fJ^dlU.  $€$(&**  J&tfo *cfy^  c&/y\. 

23-  Ohio,  Deyo,  iota,  trio 

&$Jl& ; £to0 4J&& Ijvte 

28-     Initial  short  vowels — adieu,    edify,    enough,    ago,    again,    attach, 

?t* :rf$l...&M| Zjfi. ^...7%... 

ado,      appear,      apple,      appeal,      apply,      away,      awash,      officious, 

s£ p&\ pS. ps&. fi&s. am w& i^sd. 

assure-azure 

..w<*** 

Initial  long  vowels, — apiary,     equal,     ocean,     obey,     awful 

j£ty....3$. ^n Ira.....|r.wi)...crr...ji. 

Before  /,  r  and  J, — allay,     elbow,     array,     arrow,     argue,     earth,     era 
Jl&....Jk$.....fi& .fi& .p^\....p& 

assign,     assess,     assume 

J^AM.,A*sm 

78 


29     all,  ale,  isle,  at,  ate,  eat,  it 

Jl si M 3 4 % 4... 

31-        rift,  tapped,  wrapped,  abate,  into,  wrote- 

M^m.^lyla A^v ..l^..^...J^.M..7ki0.......^} 

rote,   rot,  right-write,  writ,  riot,  quit,  quite,  quiet,  Hoyt,  hoot,  lout, 

&ai 2*4 th\....fr^......qj\....<^ <$.....ML.hvVM.... 

shoot,  shot,  shout,  devote,  exploit,  afoot,  taught-taut,  beat-beet,  rebate, 

,4, .  so j Ml  cWei .^\  ^ U 1^ K&3, 

about,  (w.  s.)  Harriet,  lariat,  laureate,  height,  hit,  light,  lit,  lute,  loot, 

Mi &&h$Jk^ 

sat,  sate,  sought,  seat,  set,  suit,  soot,  sight,  sit,  cute,  cut,  wheat,  whet, 
wet,   cheat,   sheet,  thought,  linked,         dished,         mashed, 

&$-*$   *$ ^ ^S ^ *"$ 

reached,  await,  acquit,  defeat,  deceit,  repeat. 

hjL v^  <^  df^.d^.  Kp$ 

32         bead,  fade,  fad,  feed,  fed,  aged,  kid,  laud,  laid,  lad,  lead,  (present, 

..b$at.\fc,ffiffi{fi  ft.  f  M  ^M-M-k 

tense)    led-lead  (a  metal)  lied,  lid,   Lloyd,  loud,   aloud-allowed,   clod, 

Xy  .& M....M....JJS.. £&.. 

79 


hood,   mud.   mewed,   void,  avowed,   guide,  ride,   rid,  chewed,  exude, 

4*    m/>  %i     u*   "^    &> *&-** *cs ** - 

exhumed,  imbued,  renewed,  reviewed,  allude,  issued,  thawed,  wretched, 
reached,    period,    acquired,    awkward,    explode,    hauged.   measured, 

&%.    /W    q/A #0* J*. ^ ^ 

wreathed,  charged,  aid,  add,  awed,  eyed,  owed-ode,  odd,  rode-road,  rod, 

M (A 4 3 q 4 £ JL^JUtJbdL 

showed,  shod,  sheathed,  applied,  appealed,  appeared.  od, 

.M. $4 S€ .fiU ^C? J&\ _ 4UL 

qd,         vd,         wd. 

<fr. V uJ 

33-     bent,   count,  cannot,   can't,  do   not,  don't,   dent,  sent-scent-cent, 

(ji~  QT C<?~_  C<U c^    cltf  dU^  /&„  or  A  . 

resent-recent,    faint-feint,  fount,  gaunt,  haunt,  hunt,  hint,  jaunt,  taunt, 

^        J**    iff-  3*-  4u  *"■-  **"&.  4»- 

daunt,  gent,         agent,         tent,    lent,    acquaint,  rent,    appoint,    shan't, 

<g^  ^  -avJ.    \&*.M*..jffl~...M~...^ $a~ 

shunt,   extent,'  event,    went,   won't    wont,    want,    aunt,    ain't,    anoint, 


80 


amount,  fluent,  affluent,  latent,  patent,  aeronaut. 

^ #i, jCto h^...^^...ax.^ 

34-  band,  bend,     end,     bound,  abound,  found,  phoned,  feigned,  fiend, 

la^isssJ^LASLiJ^ h& frit.. fytf... fte^........^ 

offend,    fined,   coined,   dunned,  ruined,    mind-mined,     joined,     lined, 

$*u frL &?~ rf«u ^ ffli. ^ £L.... 

aligned,  defend,     depend,     around,  rained-reigned,  arraigned,  signed, 

Jl <L ^ 'jJL a^ ^ dL... 

assigned,       send,       tend,   attend,   attained,   tuned,   attuned,   chained, 

yK M^AX^^^^^ k; ~~k '^ 

explained,  expound,  extend,   .expend,    impound. 

xMx.      X*f  %  >L        ~^' 

35-  batted,    bated,  debated,   abated,  rebated,    abetted,   booted,   dated, 
trCL-      LrtL    dh^3L Zt6L flirts ILtfL 4^. .....C&gL.. 

redated,  dotted,  doted,  doubted,     audited,        edited,        indebted,  un- 

AciQL...<d<r.  c£0~    d~<r..  a^i€^^^.jd^.zL..J^d^r. 

dated,   belated,    related,   lighted,   alighted,    delighted,   mated,    noted, 

is4r^..LAsL^...M^ £L  ..JlL dZL, &&*. *&... 

cheated,  sheeted,  expiated,  whetted,  wetted,  awaited,  deputed,  reputed. 
CA        S&. ^         at- «^-1..^6L ct ^_„_ 

81 


fetid,      heated,  aerated. 
....AtL. A^^lU^^ftGL. 

36-  aided,   added,  lauded,   headed,  heeded,   derided,  loaded,   plodded, 

.^/ cte^J^ A2/....A&.. <^k^C^/xM^ 

hooded,  crowded,  avoided,   chided,   shaded,   deluded,   alluded-eluded, 

4^ fisC *£ g^.....^ d^ x* 

paraded        exploded,  expounded. 

.hM^...^$MC ■)(/ty^ 

37-  dement,    adamant,   ailment,    element,   aliment,   lament,   foment, 

cL zh JL jk~, .J&* £&> .$&. 

ferment,  augment,  segment,  regiment,  tegument,  ligament,   vehement, 

&^ ^ Ma & le^ .£t^ v&s* 

attachment,    detachment,   denouement,  payment,   pavement,  raiment, 

..L^. dlo^ <^ntP, fijaL /\mac. h&o. 

abatement,        cement,          acquirement,  assignment,   alignment,  lina- 
lt&   ASU  CX../X>     "%/&* y$Lv^ .J2Afa*j!Mte* 

meut,  lineament,    tenement,        rudiment,        filament,  basement,  case- 

JU/&. It^.M.ltfS^.k^ 

ment. implement,  amount,  meant. 

t*JL ^—-•■- 

82 


38.    demand,  diamond,  Edmund,  Hammond,  retnained-remand-remind, 

dy <£!.. 2^ A^ « A,. U 

ermined,   examined,   summoned,      omened,       determined,  Richmond, 

j\ &arM..kx ^ AatQ, safife, ^ 

illumined,  amend,  mend.  mended,  amended,  remanded-reminded. 

JL, *> ■> > i K 

39      notify,  indolent.  indulgent,    index,        intoxicated,  in- 

:&* s,.L..ox..JL ~£. ^ ^.^a- 

toxicant,    anterior-interior,    independent,    appointment,    intemperate, 

rxe- :$& ^w .fi/C....\ ^ 

integument,  amendment,     resentment,        relentment, 

^ V>. /KU JiJL*. 


attendant,    intend,    intent,   need  -  not,        impediment,  pedi- 

fc *~ -~ ■* ^ A 

meut,        demented,     warranted,  would   not,  wouldn't,        could  not, 

qU utoh^       (xT <aT 5.^. 

j 

couldn't,     apartment,  department,  mental,    endear,  endure,   endow, 

%? p\ <^      ^       ^    %c\ »' 

endue-undue,   endowment,  euduement,  into,  undo,  end-over  end. 

Y* * H* -0 * ^^^ 

83 


40.    duty,     pity,     impunity,        utility,        namely,     humility,     hum- 

<4 /^...^-•^••:^ 

idity,        mentally,   lazy,   fussy,       pussy,       hurry,    holy- wholly, 

m.yjv^^ kJL S^.^..y/A^Jkj^mm./^iUit^ At£* 

Georgie,  Freddie,  enemy,  tally,  antipathy^  intimately. 

j^....&M.?^r.ivm.-M.t..^ r^ 

41     ready,   heady,  needy,  tidy,  plenty,  ante-anti-aunty,  county,  shanty, 

A£ As,. &£ &%.../*£** 7X o&j*.j&t    ^-, 

bounty,   warranty,   infinity,   trinity,    handy,   bandy,    Monday.  Sunday, 

b&...aMk.<!* t^w  ..UtA.^...K<\,. lrQ^..^:M\-d^i. 

Lundy,  windy,  elementary,  supplementary,  rudimentary. 

Av   U>\m.Jr^ A^hx. ^Mt-^* 

%«,•  \-/  ..Jr. 


3a£3^,..«  (b)  .6. L .0. 

passion,  nation,  caution,  session,  Grecian,  position,  possession,  Persian, 
/U^  H^_  ..  C 4^  .  ..^A<. ....;/WM^UtHti^^ 

Prussian.    Parisian,     lotion,     ocean,    lesion,    exemption,  examin- 

/XkM X&4y3ttUBl. 


ation.  cushion,     fusion,     eruption,     litigation,     addition,     edition, 


or   Xs 


^Lnj^zi^j^U 


expiation,   appreciation,         unction,        function,       junction,  extinc- 
tion,    depression,    depreciation,   section,  oration,  adhesion,  (h  omitted) 

dfihv ...dpM^ i^^^^^i^d^^ 

equation,  reputation,  repetition,  derision,  explosion,  expression,  ambition, 
indignation,    intimation,  creation,  politician. 

hxsjs^  ...^MS^J^L /u£. 

bother,   better,  butter,   mutter- mother,  debtor,  editor,  lather,  daughter, 

6tr>    Uz-,  (nx_,      trn^       ds^  .zL>  ...^.......^ .-. 

auditor,         doubter,   radiator,   shutter,   eater-ether-either,  neatei- 

.  ^cL,    do?  Suui^  ^u, IL, jv^., 

neither,  waiter,   water,   weather,  whether,  shelter,    feature,    creature, 

.a^...6%.....a^ ^ &> #L> <&£, 

future,   fighter,  tighter,   titter,  tutor,  halter,  healthier,   falter,  retire. 

44.     u/i,...(....tJlhtr,..L. theater-thither,.../.. 

In  phrases— that  there-that  their-that  they  are,..-....\  the  other 


85 


,\  the  other,..../..., 


( distinguished  by  position .)     ( p ) 

45-  radiation,  amendation,  fermentation, 'radiator,  gladiator. 

%. & ^ *>** #%« 

46-  passionate,    apportionate,    impassionate,   impassioned,   cautioned, 

/K^.       fi*\+        r^a  7vv^..^.m.^....CG^ 

cushioned,     notioned,     apportioned,         illiterate        bothered,        bet- 

c^. !s&^.. ptf\^ JUp&jbu \t83jAn&„ 

tered,  buttered,  muttered,  determined,  detriment-determinate,  deterreut, 

i^..itep..JiMJip dp. cL^ c4, 

petitioner,        missionary,        visionary,        revolutionary,    (w.  s.)  bat- 

-yfefc »H_*. «c«:      A*d^;  K 

tery,  hattery,  mattery,  loiterer,   literary,  literature,         veterinary, 

fat+Jaa^J&F*  Al^JL*- v*^... 

rational,  rationally,  national. 

^Hi H^t. ^ 

47-  combatted,    concussion,    condemn,   condemned,  condiment,   con- 
ha- CXA      <£vys ^3^ C^ <$£t 

dition,   conditioned,  compare,  compared,   comparison,  comment,  com- 

crr.di of Js^....../i&%. .faskvs.. 


.ir>.. 


86 


men  ted,  command,  commend,  {distinguished)  commanded,  commended, 

l<-y '^ %r. '-\. \ 

commit,  committee,  committed,  committment,  compound,  compounded, 

] -  I i fc M M*- 

contained,   content,    contend,  contented,  contended,   combined,  com- 

I&, h.#..MLhjx.:$r. h i 


pel,  comply,  compliment-complement,  companion,    converse,        con- 

JlM fl& fU*/>VY± V^ 

version,        conversation,        consent,  consign,  commerce,  commercially, 

\i\^ yyw^Sr^A  A* 5hi.....Ji£ ..^ho. 

communion,    communicated,     confusion,     commissary,    commissariat, 

.u/n/w. &#va,£&. ^_ „,^, ..../m$. 

commence,   complaint,   compliant,   completed,    cognomen,    commute, 
-fiA }&&*. /l£* .../&£- „.30MXS> ^ 

commutation,  commuter,  commutator,  computed,  competition,  computa- 

^.L^r.^ j^. a^^a,/^   A^ Aw, 

tion,  competitor,  commodious,  conveyed,  convoyed,  confinement, 

Jul $d$. v^ v^     M*>>. 

48-     accompany,    accompaniment,    accomplish,    accomplishment,    ac- 

/£*, An, yS| M 


87 


complice,  accommodate-ed-tion. 

yi^j d^ 4^-...deL 

49.  incompetent,  decompose,  decomposition,  recommence,  recompense, 

7\  A. 4/MB d./ierJ    &~RA JX..fiMM.. 

excommunicate-ed-tion,   recommend-ed-ation,   reconnoiter,   recumbent, 

xu^^<^,xly^vc^-^xU/'vv^<^i  Av  ,As>^^;^ i.hlr'. 

inconsistent,  unaccompanied. 

71,..<^tg Tl./j^ 

50.  showing,    saying,  assaying,   sowing-sewing,  lending,   writing,  con- 

.       Sf * .../lei  ^/Mk *A8. JU^  .  A*, 

demning,  viewing,  reviewing,  comparing,  sighing,  allowing,  committing, 

.Am. v^ hAty* fi&h -&L JLq. \. 

containing,   contending,  contenting,  competing,  accompanying,  accom- 

...L^V. U^ \&~r;    .   hA /Ua d& 

#  • 

modating,  accomplishing,  tempting,  attempting,  teaching,  approaching, 

. jhJ^ LrsyW^     ~\q^vk     ta^     ~foh&^ 

ringing,     nothing,   whining,   explaining,    rushing,    washing,   lighting, 
Zter^ ,.K&L .(jjVK yjl®^}.   M^     OCfyg 


heating,        meeting,   seating,  sheeting,  reading,  bedding,  heading, 

A^    ...  /n^_  /^     s^    ^i k$ Ai 


88 


heeding,  guiding,   acquainting,  haunting,  appointing,        assenting, 

M     <%\ f*» -V.  ■■■■A-:     ft^t- 


consenting,    sending,    ascending,     resenting,   reascending,    extending, 

-^- 4. ^4. 


expending,       ending,  noting,  intending,  indulging,  indexing,   intox- 

x^  e, mi -v-., Ji. ^ 2^ 

icating,    fomenting,     fermenting,    lamenting,    amounting,    amending, 

&k>, -Sbk. Or>,.or..^K S 

commenting,  commending,  commanding,  (distinguished),  recommend- 

....i/>.. !L. 'a A*-- 

ing,  demanding,  remanding-reminding,  notifying,  motioning,  fashioning. 

<^ &V fi  -^  7^c< 

apportioning,  bettering,        lettering,        watering,  faltering,  flattering, 

J^\ ^ -&*,      -J^br. 

commandering. 

. -^L,... p 

51-     writings,    doings,  leavings,   holdings,  leadings,    shavings,  savings, 

Al     o(q      %£m  .  L$    £$ £#^ /&&£ 

o  ° 

maunderings,    meanderings,    wanderings,   squanderings,    quarterings, 


89 


meetings,  hollowings,  bellowings,  blowings. 

JMJ. Lc&d AjlLz i^h. 

I  o  o  o 

o 

52-  writing-a,    seeing-a,    doing-a,    handing-a,     banging- a,     eyeing-a, 

ty ^ 4       ^v A*n 4 

knowing-a,  sending-a,   sewing-a,   sbowing-a,    noting-a,    coinmenting-a, 

M 4r .tda se mi tcv 

commending-a,    recommending- a,    condemuing-a,    composing-a,   com- 

\X &..S& <Pm fuQ 

pounding-a,   accompanying-a,   demanding-a,   indexing-a,  motioning-a, 

...fixfl jLfy d^. *rx im^I 

apportioning-a,  watering-a,  battering-a,  fermenting-a.  complimenting-a, 

/^       *fefc, (jatL„ £&*, fi!L, 

chewing-a,  biding-a,  computing-a,  meeting  a. 

*iX 4  A M 

53-  awaiting-the,  recommending-the,  committing-tbe,  accommodating- 

^3, Ks,, T 


the,     complimenting-the,     awarding-tbe,      bunting-the,     sending-the, 

■fi&* ^a^- &ja.**\ ^ 

scenting-the,    reapportioning-tbe,  cushioning-.tbe,    motioning-the,    bet- 

.  A,x  sty^X. ,         c^i! Alb^U 


90 


tering-the,    lathering-the,    hearing- the,   telling-the,  tapping- the,  help- 

.  UlDt    io-,, A$\ b&. La 

ing-the,  (h  omitted)   owing-the,  aweing-the,   eyeing-the,   viewing-the, 

$ q 4 •% 

guarding-the,   coaxing-tbe,  atlaching-the,  intending-the,  commending- 

Q&X La^ hWj lr., 


the,  demanding-the,  complimenting-the,  ringing-the. 

4- A^-1 Jiah 

54-     I-know,   I-see,    I-say,   I-saw.    I-show,    I -meant,   I-ain't,    I-cannot, 

^VJd ..'AL ...v3&  "^   rSO ^ ^ d&..*>..... 

I-can't,    I-caught,   I-pay,  I-waited.  I-awaited.  I-went,   I-won't,  I-want, 

r£a- <& y&dg 3&&0L ""  TAJ&,.  -tJLrt^  -tort*  *fc^ 


I-hope,(w.  s.)  I-intend,  I-amend,  I-do,  (w.  s.)  eyed-I'd,  I-would  (w.  s.) 
?L0f\ r^V- '  S -C^ rd..m.A?. <VJ. 


Icould,  (w.  s.)    I-wouldn't,   I-couldn't,  I-should(w.  s.)  I-shouldn't,   I- 

..^ >s£L -<;>< #. £.« 

shall,    (w.    s.)    I-shall-not,    I- will,  (p)  I  will-not,   I-guess,    I-guess-not, 

13£. ISSLl a£. <u£.«. «qgdL rZMAs.. 


I-admire,     I-wish,     I-note,    I-express,    I-implore,    I-attach,    I-attempt, 


91 


I-ignore.  item,  identically,  identify,  itinerant. 
.^OKjtfX  tm -^^-      ^^ $*&> 

and  or  an  a  the 


and-a  and-the 

>  -I 


have  of  all 

/ 


how  he  or  him  who  or  whom 

l 


have-a  or  an 

is 

of-  a  or  an 

1 

all-a  or&a 

l> 

how-a  or  an,  he-a  or  an,  him-a  oran,  who-a  or  an,  whom-a  or  an 

- v sy 


have-the,  of-the,  all-the,  how-the,  he-the,  him-the,  wbo-the,  whom-the. 


55-56-    m. 


N...W. 


57-     emulation,  immunity,  immersion-emersion,  emigration,    immigra- 

tion,    [distinguished)  amphitheater,     amour,  ammonia           am- 

....ter^j....  .^ 

92 


(  57.  cont'd) 

algam,  amalgamation,  mercy. 


anoint,      annuity,      annual,         engagement,  interior,   indebt- 


cr^Jl* ^J2tf t^JM 

annuity,      annual, 

^ ±J. ^ua^s. ^^i.^L 

ed,    inertia,    inquiry,  inquiring,    undated,   invasion     innovation,   invet- 

*J^M '~^,..^q^...^4^.m.^ 

erate,     undoubted,     incomparable 

^otjr r^M. 

Mamie  mammy,    mum,   mummy,    roomy;   honey,   money,     luny, 
funny,  Jennie,  Fannie,  tiny,    tinny,  tension,  attention 


delineation,  coronation,  indignation,  ignition,  redemption,  inflam- 

<Majd. ^W^. &M~a.<yr.. 


h 
mation,    commotion,    reformation  (w.  s,) 

..<0 


hm^rr.b. v    hdr^. .^&x 


dreamt,  contempt,  attempt,  condemned,  redeemed,  attempting 

dXr^.tf.ctA^ !c^ 1^ .^y. JL\rdr^.. fc} 

attempted 

.Lw 

93 


ammunition,  emanation,  mention-ed-ing;  ing-a;ing-the, 

enemy,  name-d-ing,  I-iiame,    namely,     enamel,    anomaly, 

cranium,     proscenium,     animate,    inanimate,  moderate,  imnoderate 

58      mtr.^nrrT^.,        ntr....vTTTrrr^f.,        thtr. 

material,  immaterial,  maternal;  alma  mater,  counter,  pointer,  gen- 


,  co 


der,  painter,  handier,  barometer,  thermometer,  chronometer,  gasometer, 


wander-wonder-ed-er-ing,  pandering,   hindering,   pantry, 

sentry, 
international,  interpose,    inttrpositionj  interpret-er-ed-ing- 

ation,  interrupt-ed-tion,        uninterrupted,   undersigned, 

-=^==^=^^4  — -^ ; -==34- 

underneath,   underpinning,    underscore,    interline-eation 

94 


59-  a.     new-knew,  anew,  renew,  few,  curfew,  review,  purview,  hue,  pew, 
k^or...^f ^ h-*,.....Jp. (^^.....^^..../^^W1....A /l 

lieu,  adieu,  &c. 

.£. ti 

(b)    now 

60-  Line  I.     h  capitals,-*!  &C^ 

^iitii  dj?Ptyftj6*5Juv*(0)£i{?L 

Line  a.    g  ^*\sA®A®£l..^  

0£(P^hcrxRA£l^  

cake,  make,  bake,  back,      meek,      Mike,  mock,  muck-mug,  leak, 

cA !»^.lt&...lf& ty-. *JLjb& ^M. £ 

like,-Hck,  Luke,  luck,  duke,  duck,  Jake,  Jack,  joke,  jog,  jocund,  jug, 

.,..M. J^ .^.....^.....^ 

ink,         wink,         cork,         work,  mark 

Ay* ..Uf^yi  or. ."Spy  ..!?<^,.<<^A.oT.C^..>*y^.prii^A 

ache,   ague,  acute,  acre,      accurate,      accuracy,  acrimony, 

M   Au  Q^    ^...^^..C^ 

augment,   augmented -ing-ation,     augur-y,    echo,  occupy-pant, 

*k Az A-^-A^-M-Mr^  %*«*M««. 

95 


(6a  cont'd) 
oak,  ochre,  Oakland,  ugly,  euchre 

SttSJOh SL ttf,..^..... 

shock,    shake,    shook,    shack,  sheik,  choke,  chalk,  cook,    caulk, 

55 ^    \    **    ^  ^ % % & 

book 


scatit,        Scotch,    sketch,    skinned,   skid,    scowl,  scheme, 

da*jxA....dt^...d^ ^^.A^.../l^.Atm^A^ 

skim,         ask,  rescue,  milk 

shirked,  worked,      marked,      market,       milked,  rescued,  basked, 
...S<^..*f  S^ ....<*/?£.  >A<>^^   -^ oj A4^.    U^... 

basket,  ached,   backed,    whacked,      awakened,  impact-ed  ing-tion 

.ltt*0 $ ^ ^J^w..^^^^^^ 

buggy,  balky,  risky,  whisky 

iM.:....!^.;..?^.!...U^*...*r..ea4. 

auction-ed-ing-eer,   act-ed-ing-tion-or,  enact-ed-ing- 

^..^.%^^.%.ai^,^^-fl^ 

ment,  (/omitted)  inaction,  interact-ing-tion 


96 


61.     McKay,    McDowel,    McDonougb,    hammock,        predict,        pred- 

SVL& ^^d^.A^d^P     A>olJA  /Wrt-otMLy    M*fr 

icate,  verdict,   decoy,  Decue,    Dickey.    decay-Dekay,   edict,     addict-ed- 

v^..Jl....4* 4. 4* $, SLSL. 

tion,  educate-d-ing-tion-tional,    produet-tion,    introduce  duction,  indue- 

%Q..Jk &Q-JL7^^ 

tion       radical-ly,     eradicate-d-ing-tion,    dictionary .dictate-d  ing-lion- 

'JsqJUisj^ 

tor-torial,  doctor;  conduct-ed-ing-tion-or,     magical,     cigar-ette,  Chicago, 


boquet,  amicable,         comic-al-ally,  intellect-ual,  advocate-d- 

ing-acy,  allegory-ical  elegant,        elect-eding,    (t  omitted) 

tiV:.d\i*:J^XM  

-tion-or-tioneer-ing,  electric,  (w.    s.)    lecture-d-er-ing,   collect- 

°(^C>  ...«\jv  <^^--^!W*0#.  °? .«sZ! cCj&^L^^.ty 

ed-or-tion-ing,  (w.    s.)    recollect,    (w.    s.)  object,    (w    s. )    eject-ed-ing- 

ap^ujejge      a$. LQi #...#,#...■ 

ment    (t   omitted)  injector,  implicate-ding-tion,  musical,   I-declare,  I- 

97 


decline,  awake-ened-ed-         ening,  interlocutory,      circum- 

locution,  evict-  '  ed-ing-tion,    evictment  convocation, 

maiL^^^  5£L 

invocation,      reckoned,  correct-ed-ingtion-  incorrect  (w.  s. )  second 
sacrament,         equinoctial,    technical-ly-nique,    nician,   record-ed- 

Aha^jrxA^ ^% lTdJM,J^7n^hh^ 

ing-er  (w.  s.)  rector-y,  execute-       d-      ing-tion,  tioner,  executor-ship, 

fyfo*.  ,..A>*V>V^^ <_J^ X^..X^ 

(C'25)  execntrice.  zigzag,    expect-ed  ant-ation-      ing(W3jexpectorate-d- 

K^   ffl     )\  XL  )$r>%  ^ *?  *i 

ing-tion-ant,  I-expect. 

%*^*£ % 

62-     fk 7".....  faction,  affection-ed-ate,  factor  y,         manufacture- 

..J*. It *&> ^.^....fe^«f^2?._ 

er-d-ing-tory  (ws.)  confectionery  &c. 

fkt....«/ fact,   affect-effect-ed-ing,  affectation,  defect,       infected, 

x 1    Sfc-Jt T dj..^^j=_ 

98 


disinfectant,  figment  &c. 

dtoij- jE 

tkt.jf./7T..j7   ticket,     detect-ed-or  ing-tion,  tegument  &c. 

%e^l.^.J^d^sL^j4jJ^^JO^.JU. 

64      mm./CTT^rrr^,  nn..wwr'..)  mtfCwt&Tr**.  ntr..-, wtff.,  thtr.jf 

baby,  babbited,  biblical,  bobbin,  baboon,  bobtail,  imbibe,  imbibed, 

Lr, Lc U^ Lm .lj^...,.Ul^..z^...?i^lr/. 

imbibing,    deadened,  did,    (w.  s.)  did  not,  (p)  didn't,  dead-deed,  or  dead 

.yyjir. c/v of <?(x cA.*<r. ai..*. dL. 

j 
deed,    {distinguished)    judge-d-ing-ment,    fifth,    gag-ged-ging,     baha, 

d /I  LI. ^jk£L^lj£1j£ Lx... 

•cick-ed-er-ing,    filial,    loyal 

HLLJlit 


kick-ed-er-ing,^   filial,    loyal,  hallelujah,  paper,  popular,   populate-tion, 
1i 


populous,    peppermint,    quack-quick  or  quack,  quick,  j, distinguished) 


/***  f  Q ■% 

uicker-en-ening-ened.  earthquake,  tata,tattoo-ed-ing,  tighten,  potentate* 

&"fP*f±-fa-~f\% ^    *    b? ln.../u>U 

ictate,  gravitate,  quartet,         eventuate,         amputate,  hesitate-ing,  at- 

<)/. ^KXVI      cffx      3/7L  ...or..-y% .7^ Xtf. /kp. 

'  ■»       QO  J 


titude  or  attitude  (with  u-tick  and  d-stroke)      premium,  maximum, 

i^ ^ /tft£o^>. syVW^ryr^ 

(w.  s. )        minimum,  (w.  s.)         Bostonian. 
*y\<\yr\>r><rr>. (f&ilfrZ^'... 

$5-     publish,  public,  publication,  (w.  s. )  publican,  pabulum, 

fi p p^ M /■*«"/*»- 

baptize,  baptism,  baptist, 
Aj.LiA. .LlA*kv...bl<p 

{See  shorter  outlines  for  the  last  three  words  under  the  s-cirde  and  st-loop 
later  described ) . 

66  a.     sa..#.,  sd  ..<Sl,  sg.Q..,  so.."D..,  sq  .CL ,  se.£.<^  si.«A. 

(b  )      sb,      sc,     sf,      sh,       sj,       sk,     si,     sm,     sn,       sp,      sr,       s-ish, 

Gr e g R t I JLjfekJ& fs. <& SL. 

st,       sth,      su,      sv,       sw,       sz,       sy,       sz;      sm,       sn. 

f. £ fie & cj # t| °l (D q^... 

67  ..<*...(^..<^ 

QA.^..^...^...l..(«..^....\?„A#Jfe..V...^ .<~b *w? 

68  a  fit. .<&&. ^..jSJZficai ..^:<|JLS*5JStifiA^ 

kof.k...LJv» ^...A...XyL.lX..£/ 

4^.^...J,:^...^...&....^.^ 

100 


70-     ace,    lace,   laws,    less,  lease,   ties,    quizz,      loss,      hose,  loose-lose, 

A  £&.  .<£.  £&4 UL& AmitAjt 4 

fuss,  fuse,  sauce,  says,  seas-seize,  siss,  sues 

sabbath,  subscribe,  (w.  s  )  sublime,  subpoena,   sobs,  tubs, 
Q_ G^KC&          &&>m  orX&^  fo&w  G*  ImA 

tubes,  sachet,  waltz,  wiles,  smiles,         solemnity,         sultry,   switch, 

4^3^.^^  

smash,  small,        sample,        simplicity,        alms,        aims,       snow, 

tyyOs y^^g. j^jg *^^G(mkm.a^..&kzj*..*($&~ 

snows,  snooze,    souse,  boys,  booze,   us,    use,   ice,    suffice,   suffuse,  re- 

-»£ %    ^  ^^  *  a, A  ffc    fa. 

duce,  excuse,   expose 

space,     spies-spice,     spooks,    spouse,   suppose,   spacious,  specious, 

A*     ft** fb    M  ft* fes     H 

repose,     populous,    papoose,    compose,     composition,    pious,    impious, 

'*rfi_fi!. -^ 

chose,   choose,    choice,    nose,    noise,    toes,   toys,   shoes,    shows,   shays, 

<tf.      <.       s/>    *jf.  jy?    W  V*  ^ sen Sriflu- 

101 


(70.  cont'd) 

shakes,     ships,  shapes,  abase,  support,  separate,  {distinguished) 

^O^p^s^JA  fa fa\ 

superb 


pJx 


feats,  heads,   counts,   currents,  aunt's-anls,   surrounds,   warrants, 
^ A§ &&! C^-H.y? Ou>...Or.^. £U&te&^jGf$»j 

amends,   remands,    expends,   expands  -  expounds,  (see 

%«*> A> X* £ 

C  133)   commends,   commands,    (distinguished)   consents,  consigned, 
<e '"3 \9ls. & 

cements,   summoned,   ailments,    acquirements,   basements,  rudiments, 

...<ra <j ...or   °)     ■Wnx.arjb  TjJ^Vt> (tQx^ ^ 

implements,  impediments,   apartments,        poisons,      intense,  intends, 

TtJU ?vy™ fi\ A^ ^SUB^ ru... 

intents,  endows,  induce,        enthuse,         St.   Paul,      St.    Thomas, 

•**». 8 ^ 7L^.ftt„^ °^ !ltGL«_!la 

St.  James 
^&n>.  M..!j£-b 

resentments,    attendants,    attendance 

^  fc» 3tr£ 

102 


(70.  cont'd) 

duties,     ditties 

\  d*cftti. 

rations,  editions,  additions,  {distinguished)     notions,      Russians, 

h*^..&c(jT, fiU^JCZ^ .M^.<tr...^>......^M<Ji.. 

fusions,  eruptions,  functions,  explosions,  ambitions,  intimations 

tatters,  gaiters,   rafters,   letters,  waters,   feeders,  fetters,  readers, 

K, $%,  nafa&jJb^-jfr" §<%? Mr 

tutors,   missionaries,  visionaries,   politicians 

tup  i^tri^J^oc^ 

concussions,   commutations,  conditions,  unconscious,  recommends, 


*r  <L/     &IQ0T  <i c^ 7\&Jtc£zJk *l....u» 

recommendations 

r 

composing,   ing-a,   ing-the,  facing,  ing-a,   ing-the,  impose,   impo- 

■/$**&   M.   fe   ft ft -6*   ™* 

sition,  posted,  pasted,  boosted,  bedstead,  rested,  wasted,  hoisted,  rusted, 

../u6L-....(*9n fceaLwi^A^;*^^ 

pointers,  painters,   barometers,  gasometers,    gas  meters 

...fl£l?..JML~* ith&Z?.. om-z*.. q^ 

103 


(70,  cont'd) 

ax,   aches,    accession,   calces,    shucks,  hoax,  chokes,  locks,  looks, 

(Loj^A Ck^sJa* UL..M xgUULJ^ 

crocks,  crooks,   box,    hooks,    fox,   quakes, quacks,   buggies,     tax-tacks, 

UvQ    c^ kfl L^ fyQ. ^A <%CL \AJL k£ 

attacks,     vex       -ing-ation       affix,  affects-effects,  disinfectants,  detects, 

JUL X@aSL&  s^    > T <L^     d^. 

relax      -ing-ation,  elections,  lectures,   electricity,  records,  (w.    s.)   am- 

&&  i   4   <4 4 ^ 


biguous,    impecunious,    judges,     kicks,   eventuates,  dictates,  attitudes 
18*?^.^ yu / L "V^ Al 3° 

(see  C.  69)  wasp,  wisp,  hasp,  respect,        inspect-ed-or-ing-tion, 

<y  ii^J^e^«*JfcfcJfe 

introspection,  descend,  does  not,  doesn't,  decent,    possession,  position, 

.  ^—f2^  4      <**■ 4- ^  m^.-./w'.. 

recession,  physician,  requisition,  incision,  deposition,  inspire,  intersperse, 
understand,     understood,     (w.    s.)     indisposition,     message,    mistake, 

rdl ^ f )vrk  .^^.w.2^^7 

respiration,   inspiration 

104 


(70.  cont'd) 

raisins,    reasons,   resents,    reascends,  precentors,  resounds. 

.h&nr^M^im^.ths h& Jtik*^J^M-J!& 

sentence,  sententious,  intentions,  moments,  attainments,  («  omitted) 
Mfa  <rr  o^_s>      e^-$     ^^fs!isS>..Ali/]^S!» .l^o 

tenements,   tenants,  rodents,  relents,      reliance. 

_...i^v^ L&vft h^>j?..Q^.^u^...hK.sjf...h2^.^.^^ 

sums,                succumbs,  scums;  psalms,  sachems,  scamps; 
frWo  e^T>  <7T  <n>        £X-» A^r* Q*n> Or*,  AOyy^.. 


seems,  secum,  scheme;  tucks,    tusks;  backs,  basks;  squeaks,    lessons, 

dfa    Sk de** UL   bJ&Jj<X [r^jfr.fyZ&L, 

allusions,    collations,  smokes,  snooks,        snags,    snakes, 

checks-cheeks,  rustic-ate-     ated-ating-ation,  gesticulations;  swear, 

swore,  swarming,  swell,  switching,  swoop,  swap,  sways 

editors,  auditors,  creditors,  creatures,  ligatures,  characters 
conversions,    converters,    conversations,    possessions,    physicians,    de- 

105 


(70.  concl'd) 

cisions,  musicians,  cbaracterization-s. 

71.     fuss,   fussy;  race,    racy;    craze,    crazy;    days,  daisy;  jets,  jetties. 
jfa*  A*"**  9uBb  *AAr  <LK&<$V3±^cLQo  deA*  J^    J&^ 

Betsy;  spats,    patties,  Patsy  &c. 

72-  aspire-ation,          asthma,          especial-ly,    (w.     s.)     eschew,     as- 
faf\  faj^fo^pYUXttj-^^  ^  ^ 

afetida,  asphyxiate,  assemble-d-ing-bly,         assimilate,      Es- 

quimo,  astir,  estop,  astray,    esteem-ed     estimate-d  (w.  s.)#    associated- 

ing-tion,  Essex,  ascent,    ascend,   ascension,  .  assume,     assumption,    as- 

severate,  assuage 
^Aftj  crr-V^  .;  -^  erf  -fty- 

73-  assign,    assert,     assort,    assail 
...  ydW/l^^/^yb^ 

74.     as  or  lias,  is  or  bis;  has-not,  hasn't,  is-not,  isn't,  has-a,  is-a 

)  

106 


(74r  concl'd) 

how-is  or  has,  he-rs  or  has,  whose  or  who  is  or  has,  howis-a,  he-is-a 

b  h 

b u 

who-is-a,    of  his. 
.6 


Jo 
75.     passes,         paces,       doses,       pieces,       excise,        noises,       noses, 

fvOo y&6b cLP. fr£> *Q. *v°° n*P 

nuisances,     abuses,     abscess        causes,    losses,      loses- looses,      horses, 

C«f)  -l«b      Ifi      fe    ^ & *"**= 

appliances,  sizes,  seizes -ceases,  phthisis,  recess,  taxes-taxis,  accessory, 

/Jlat^^...ab. &  Oh     A& \j0o       Q$\ 

axes-axis,  boxes,  mixes,  resist, -recessed,  resuscitate-d-ing-tion;ing  the, 
Co \j&.JXQM.M0 T^>. *fe»or/to>£?£7b    Jh> 

incessant  insist-encyst-ed,  insisting,  insistent,  consist-ed  ing-ent,    neces- 
sity,    necessitated,     necessary,      unnecessary,     intercessor-y,   suspicion, 


suspect-ed-ing,  suspend,    suspire,  suspense,    suspension,    success,  Sus- 

fc g?..fe  ..../&.       ftix..  flnfiTft*  ^r^s> th % 

sex,    ancestor-try,    possessed,   systeoi-atic-atize,    systemic,  aman- 

mw.^H*.-  Ad g   p    p  ...  B^^.^.tivcvw^ 


107 


(75.  concl'd) 
uensis, 

76-     assess-ed-ing-tnents,    assist  &c. 

&JffUQJik : "P 

77.    possesses,  recesses,  abscesses  &c. 

./fc?. Jhfa.at.fa 1*£ 


78-  as-has  or  as-is,  is-as  or  is-his. 

O 

; o 

79-  t-st,  j-st,  &c.  st-t,  st-j,   &c 

L.J. P. L - 


stubborn,    stable,     stiff,    stuffy,    stage,    stipulation,     statement, 

Ha* ££. $■ I / /LuuwfcA. 


states,  status,  statist,  statues,  statutes,  statislics-al-tician,  static,    con- 


b U^orb  >  6  j    (^ ... J.iLor  X ^ ...Xrt...L IjOrD... 

stitute-d-ing-tion  tional-uents-uencj-,  stammer 

IRorRLP.L  U  &.. fa «&>.&»* of ct* 

amidst,     mildest,      wildest,  neediest,  reddest,    reduced, 

...7^.<rr..^..<rr.-^.;.^     «x%       *£.  ^ct  ^     *§  ;  .*£..«:.£ 

druggist,      biggest,     digest,    adjust-ed-inga-ingthe,  readjust,  congest- 

dAjuu3^dfuj^\[ntfM$i(limA;JJ.  J / A" / 

108 


(79,  concl'd) 

ing,   atheist,    faintest,    apprentist,    funniest,    interest,    boxed,  mixed, 

6    A^L. k&^>     J^yA^oxJjih^ho^ ^^ ..$.. dkk... 

fixed,  affixed,    taxed,    text,  vexed,  stomach  -ic,    stomach- 

ache. 

k...C..lb..y>..(A?..>s.ikr.>D  M  ..£) ^a.w? 

laced,  last,   effaced,    hasting,  harrased,  robust,  rest,    nest,   east, 
JS&      &0      Jj>i).     -A&       foxo) Astf?  M>.. :. n£ £>.... 

seized,   feast-ing,  fest,  confessed,  confused,  refused,  induced,  toughest, 

d     fi-ft-fi  -•■•#*>-      -ft*)      *§&     *d L«| 

gruffest,  gruffiest,  briefest,  fist,  iced,  enticed,  ballast,  dullest,  duellist, 

<fuu$. f^.....LH^..^..M....^. ImA. <LA....d^^.. 

idealist-ized,  loyalist,  rovalist-realist  or  royalist,  realist    {distinguished 

jL.M.t. *&...        ^     a- 

by  position)  realized,     {distinguished    by  context)     released,   crudest, 

mJ)crrfl^ i*^..<tt.ftiL..<&fo(J 

honest  (//  omitted)  honestest,    roasting,   poised,  opposed,  posting,  de- 

-h)  of  ^>  7V...flrr..v^>       ?MS?.. J^....JWM..fa.../$Mi$. 

109 


(80,  concl'd) 
posit-ed-ing  roosting,    aroused,    composed,    reposed,      worst,      forced, 

forest,   reforest    embarrased,    west,  expostulate-  d-ing, 

.frcfd. ...tifyft. . .yy^..^^r,...(AJ^..{n..^.^^.^^m^^^ 

tion,  imposed,  exposed,    cbased-chaste,   coaxed,    abolitionist,    contor- 

*4-.W £ *& SH Ii&^..T4X^ 

tionist. 


81.     testify,  mystify,  mystification  &c, 

82-  star-ry,  store,  story,  steam,  stem,   stack,  stake-steak 
ka,kflft^feL&gL&m^font.. UP:  ft*  ~*7 

83-  buttressed,    caricaturist,  characterized,  elocutionist, 

bup$*b±jBah^jk^ 

84    a.  posts,    detests,     elocutionists,      requests,     bequests,      atheists, 

/t£*r/3..^         <<^ n^^A.^cnA^l 

theists,  interests,   motorists, 

.Cfl.ftre....^ .^ s~7~-$>.... 

b.     contestant,  protestant,  testament 

...tr.jOt..i.y-.....yftJh<dr b..ftX..fck^q|..,i1> 

110 


(84.  concl'd) 

c.    contested,  detested,  attested,  protested,  adjusted,  congested,    read- 

It 4. It JVX&r. ....A <£.. 'IgL 

justed,  roasted,  interested 
h&- ^^ 

85.     as-it,   is-it,  as-it-is,  is-it-as,  as-its,  is-ils 
0  6  O 

d & * 

86-     t-str,  a-str.  b-str,  &c.  aster,  easter,  Esther,  oyster,  paster,  pastor, 

b      (2>    (Q  @) ®> <g> <? /tfg) /i@>. ... 

fester,  blister,  foster,  boaster,  rooster,  impostor-ture,  expositor,  ouster, 

jj@...i*yp...(fi.  l@ *# *faiLfi^jbK& ql. 

cloister,     visitor,      sister,      assister,  muster-ing,-  Webster 

lobster,  Chester,  .roadster,        drugstore,      register-ing,    ing-a,  ing-the, 

£<j£r (q)    ?\!0&h^i<tim<ffT.^  fa 

•    -n        — 

l>olster-ing,    ing-a,     ing-the,    maltster,  baluster,  team- 

...l^)..W?..UD  U® «yg)      u®. imM& 

st'er,-       honester,  (A  omitted)  banister,  canister,  monster, 

minister,     tapster,    sequester,  ing-a,     ing-the,     forester,     harvester, 

*^^ L«fi % ^       <$> £o© A^. 

111 


(86.  concl'd) 

huckster-ing,  yesterday. 

87-  as  their  or  there,  has  their  or  there,  as  they  are, is  there 

d  0  0 

d 

88-  oysters,   teamsters,    hucksters,    balusters,    punsters,   masters,    ad- 
y... ]^MfU^jShjX^. {^/u^.tt/b^.(&.<r&. 

justers,  posters,  mixtures,  fixtures,  as  there  is,  as  there  has   is    there    as 

5 ® m a *..: °. :....., 

0 

89     registered,  fostered,  mustered,   blistered,  festered,  ministered,  res- 

frft**fyW    H*      <*%> ftp  "f>"^ 

taurant,  sequestered,  sequestrate 

®- $>. ^extipL. 

90-    tapster,    tapestry;    visitor,   vestry;     forester,    forestry;     register, 
registry;  bluster,  blustery, 

...Jx LdB@.....lrfija.... 

91.     blustering,  mastering  &c. 


92.    l-hook.-bi.t:.,   fl.g-..,  A/iAJ..^.j^..^S..^^.M.%.f^X.. 

93      r  hook.-br.tr..,  fr.  $,.hlk£fcfo.<d..  .\M.M.M.X.%%. 


112 


94-     nil,     nl,     thl,     ntl,     ndl,     mntl,     mndb 

CT\.  Q-s      C C/ & c\ 9 

mr,     nr,     thr,     ntr,     ndr,     mntr,     mndr 

<C>...<~^. ( «^T Cr, <T> £> 

95.     blunder,.  WMXL^ or...lP^L^^<...noL.£rU.9rr 

winter,.. k^WU, or...UtX^^....not...(AH»?f?. 

%.     bl,  blow,  block,    black,     blubber,     bloated,    blotter,  blasted,  blast- 

fa W t&&uy*.LaL.„&tt:  .....tap    C*b_  ...&a> 

ing,     able,       enable,  capable,  (w.  s.)  readable,      crucible,      reducible, 

4^(j».ftFtr.)  fifiyw«r..«yL..»  A^Cj! C^!/ HdJ^r. 

stumble      -ding,     assemble-d-ing-bly  (w.  s.) 

£r,    brow,     brew,    breathe,    breath,    brand-ed,  browned,    brewery, 
break  ing,  brooks,  brutal,  braid-ed,  abrade-d,  abrasion,  broker,  breaker, 

M.14.% W-H W  "k"W-XW   1^1 

brocaded,    barber,    briber-y,    raspberry,    robbery,       debris,       cumber 
Ir^.i^ (^      &*n 

some,         brink, 

«nr..fe>.....l«yl..(n'  1^ 

113 


(96,  cont'd) 

flt  flying,  flight,  flock,  flake-y-ing,  flagrant,  florid,  florist,  Florida, 

V-  ft*  G*>    &o...&4$a.|4  ffc-  .^.^D _$**.. 

fluid,   float-ed-ing-ation,    flowed,    flood,    flowery,    Floyd,  flaunt-ed-ing, 
floundering,  flinders,  fluffy,  flew,  influence,  (w.s.)  inflate-d-ing-      lion, 
raffle,    ruffle-ed,    baffling,    riffling    a,    awful,    affluent-ence,    confluent, 
firefly.        philanthropy-  ist-opic-opical. 

^>¥yft^^?h-r  H^  H^  H^ 

/r,  fry-ing,  frightened,    freight,    afraid,    affrighted,    fragnient-ary, 

--:■  YV>    H  — H  ■Jb*     **-    ** ■■  ■■■**- 

fruit,  fruition,  confer-red-ing,  refer,  referee,  defer,  reefer,  offer-ed-ing, 
proffer,  prefer,  rougher,  safer 

A/,  /rr,    helmet,  help,  helpmate  (w.s  )  abhor-rent,         adhere- 

- /UsOrA^;^     ^  1^A.^.1^^.0.^. 

ent,  hear-here  (w.S.) 

*K. \ 

114 


(96,  cont'd) 

//,  jr,  angel, ((w.  s.)  cudgel,  Virgil,  fragile,  wager,  Rogers,    con- 

* 7y  ..or.^f.        9f°rJ- ^„^.«rJ|^.fe^Hyjfto^ffrfc 

jure-er,  adjourn-ment(«  omitted)  major,  manager,  danger 

( u  omitted )  dangerous 
excL  <>n 

11,  The  l-hook  is  not  necessary  on  letter  I  for  11.  When  this  tetter  is 
preceded  by  the  syllable  at,  il  &r„  the  elongated  initial  vowel  stroke  is 
used,  or  the  specific  vowel.  When  a  vowel  occurs  between  two  t's  double- 
length  i  is  used  {See  al  ^97) 

illumine,  loyalist,  ...ji^/^j^ ..., SS>. 

Ir,  ruler,  tiller,        miller,  artillery,        learn 

\^...uSs.jy\A tJi.(tT.<rJL}fil&.....Jbn 

ml,  mildew,  malform,    mellifluous,       military        million,  female, 

<£d> ^^i^.^y^ "^.^^....Q^...^.. 

formal,  lachrymal,   sawmill,  gristmill, 

tnr,  marble,    myrtle-mortal,    immortal,     martyr,    Murphy,    hum- 

Ht 1 rfiat^lpfiZiq^iato. 

mer,  humor,  rumor,  tumor,  hammer,  tremors,  remorse,  trimmer,  timer, 
t*-^. fcfj^.  i^^ ....Aa<r?s....Utfera..}lEe?b. li^ iLr^... 

115 


(96,  cont'd) 

nl.  eternal,      infernal,       fraternal-ly,  external,  journal,  internal, 


anel,  tunnel,  final,  continual-ly,     noct 


maternal,  matrimonial,  funnel,  tunnel,  final,  continual-ly,     nocturnal, 


octagonal,  hexagonal 

-St- &, 

«r,  nerve-vous,  enervate-d-ing-tion. 

nerve-d-ing,       nourish,  enrich,  enrage,  Norfolk,  north,  diner,  dinner, 


pi,  play,  plaint,  complaint,  complained,  complaisance,  comply, 
compliance-ant,  apply,  complete-d-iiig-tion,  complement-ary,  deplete- 
d-ing-tion,  plaque,   plague,  placard,  placate,  implicate, 

jducked-plngged,  plum.  plumper,  playmate, 

fU£\ fJJ> jti&M*  or  fUs^~-    ^yy^   fcu-rm  f** ^f&U 

11  6 


(96,  cont'd) 

plaster-ed-er  placed,  plaster-cast,  pleased,    pleasure,    com- 

pel,  comply,  repel,  repeal,    apple,     appeal,    accomplishment,     accom- 


fa    y^w*  >  ^  °v-  •  -A* A 

plice,  cripple,  topple,  staple,  sample-simple 

pr,  copper,  cooper,  cheaper,  chipper,     ship- 

<^h %^ <^^(^  vc^..<^ 

per,        shepherd,     chaperon,     reaper,  repair.  reparation, 

depression,             depreciation,          depressed.       appraisement,    com- 
d(U tk^ <?(/& -^JQ^or..^,. 

parison,        compression,         comparable,        comport,       compartment, 
fitibMfcuJ fegt^l jL __^^fcL^/d0^..a«, 

compiehend-sion,         helper,  present-ed-ing- .  ation- 

f\^  rf&rfw^y-A J^ p^p^-.  .:.#*£»*,- 

entment.    presumption,          permit-ed-ing,         permission,      pyramid, 
f^  JK^  P^p^pr^^ pZHtyug^ 

premise-  d-ing,  promise-d-ing,     compromise, 

117 


(96,  cont'd) 

protnote-d-ing-tion-er,  pretty,      deportment,       de- 

partment, 

V^ 

r/,  relish,  relinquish-ed-ing-ment,    rely-ing-iance-iant,  relay,     re- 

...^ ^...Av^Av ^..yfo^J^.  &*+.&& 

late-d-tion  tor,    relent-ed-ing-ment,    earl,     early,    real-ly,     real    estate 

(w.s.)  release  d-ing,    realize-d-ing-ation,  paralyze-  d-ing-ysis, 

Mm. ^^,*_ 


rely-iable-bly,  unreliable,  religious,  quarrel,  bar- 

#\k  JiLjyL  TtfiL ...?r...rr^t.i.....^.«T...A fyOth.&t.cfyft IraA. 

rel,  girl,  thoroly,  nearly,  unruly 

orjjfi. <%J\..tn.QJ3\. (^;.o*S^r,v^,tt..-^t^ 

rr,        error,        horror,  mirror,     terror,    terrier,    barrier,    furrier, 

..M.ot/A..L.Aet. tub \m\. [saC.. \mw...fyj&? 

warrior,       nearer 

si  is  generally  belter  written  with  s-circle  and  letter  1. 

118 


(96,  cont'd) 

salvation,  salivation,  seldom,  slide,  console-lation 

sr,  is  generally  belter  written  with  s-circle  and  letter  r. 
sir.  surrender,surprise(w.s.   surplus,  surreptitious,  surmount. 


11,  telescope,  until-entail,  reptile,,  futile,  mutual-ly,  ritual,    right- 
ly,  mightily,  fitly.  bobtail 


nntortion,  perpet: 

K^^ ....^^^.....^^..^ ftu, i \t£* 


ir,  contortion,  perpetration,  nutrition,  extra,   ultra,   contra,    con- 
's     <v 


trary,  contraband 

.k 3&. 

M-/,  /A-r,  Thelma,  bethel,    lethal,     Ethel;  ther- 

Vvwa  <?rr...6r^ci Lrfc <H~ >£ >. 

mometer,  thermal, 

.OT..Crvr-rr\ C*»2JLw:..fe^ 

their-they   are,  throw,  thru,  therapeutics 

I iJktti. W4 Sy^jL. 

119 


(96,  cont'd) 

ther,  ter  Sec.  except  when  omitting  initially,  as  in  the  foregoing 
examples,  is  written  ivith  the  ler  hook,  or  lengthening  principle,  as 
already  explained  (<J  ^  43,  58) 

u/,ur,  ulnar,  ult    ulterior;  urticaria 

vl,       velocity,        valorous,  value-d-ing-ation.  volume- 

mi. scsau ^^wM*^^ 

inous  revel, reveal .  convulsion,    convulsed. 

vr,  very,    every,    ever(\v.s.)    virtual-ly,    verse,     version        vers- 

..lM..;...y.jex^..yMJj. ftt^Jt  ftt  Jtff  N\  :>^.y^... *fl'. 

fication.   aversiou-eversion,,       convert-ed-ing-sion,v  converter,  converts 

*fvi5  -y^  $L...&,.&\J5ri...,...*fc.     vt 

reversion,  converse-d-ing  conversation 

7vl.      welfare      wPld-wi  1  i  cd,  wil  led ,  welded,  weal  th-y, common  wealth 

..^QJiotW^-;...^ 5WT. fc£ <U{ ^...'rrt*^.... 

:vr,       warfare,        wharfage 


,xl,  excel-led-ing-ent,      exalted,    exhalation,     axle,     expelded-ing, 

.  %    %    %    <X~ X,  %\°TX^of  Xj..<x    y...% 

120 


(96.  concl'd) 

expulsion,  explanation,  exploration,  explode-d-ing-sion 

xr,  exert-ed-ing-tion,    exhort-ation,    exercise-d-ing,    express-t-ing- 

•  *i  ^  ^_  k^k%^.  to tejp *••-*)% 

sion,  expiration,  expert-ly-ness,  export-er-ed-ing-ation 
yr.  yard,  year  (w.s.  ) 

\     'H 

zl,  zealous,  drizzle,  embezzlement 
zJL  ar  % :,  cfcv^. -^ 

97-     al.     ar,     dl,     dr,     gl.     gr,     ml.     mr,     nl,     nr,     ql,     qr. 
&  ...Ik     ck  /A   <T    ID     yrs 3KL...33 0\ %-JfU. 

al,    alimony,     almanac,     allegory,    allude,    allusion,    alley,    ally, 

altar,  alspice,  all  ^w.s  )  also,  ail-    ed-ing-ment,  aliment-ary 

ar,  is  generally  belter  written  with  initial  vowel  stroke   prefixed  to 
letter  r:  around   aright,  army,  arrest 

cl  and  cr  are  preferably  written  zvithout  initial  hooks,  as  these  are 
not  conveniently  joined  to  letter  c. 

121 


(97.  concl'd) 

climb.cfcm..,  crumb, &SW&,  &c. 

dl,  delight,  deluge, dilute,  diluent 

dr,  dry,  derision. during  (w.s.J  draw 
<LA$tdA^.<d^K  i  ^ 

el  and  er  are  more  conveniently  written  with  consonants  1,    r,  and 
initial  vowel  stroke  for  the  preceding  e. 

elephandk^rrTd^else^ftfifcfe;  error^^Ty^Verrotieou^l)^?.... 
£■/,  glow,  aglow,  glorious,  glare,  epiglottis,  gladiator 

^■r,  grate-great,    gruel,     grow,    grew,  'agree  gratify,    gra- 

cious,  egregious,    graduate  d-ing-  tion-ior 

?V  if  fkmf  2f  ;  $$"■  'at 

il,  ir.  The  same  principle  applies  to  these  syllables  as  just  described 
in  relation  toe),  er 

illusion^ .>tit.</^.,  irruplionhMft^^*rf.<AAXA 
sh-1.  sh-r  are  written  without  the  initial  hooks,  as   these    are   not 
conveniently  joined  to  ish.    usual  (w.s  ).^W7uslier  .St\ 

98  ladle,        muddle,  riddle,  readily,  rudely,  peddling,  middlings, 

Xe^ktnji^  huy       K^     A£      \^   ./^cn./^.jy^or^ 

122 


(98,  concl'd) 

huddling-the,  riddling-a,  paddles,  medals 


v 

reader,     readier,    rudder,     ruddier,    muddier,     headers,    leaders, 

>k&v h&s* ?UM Jfru^......fa 

murdering-a-the,  federation,  duration 


rental,    until,    eventual,  monumental,  instrumental 

A- c/ y& m^.o.« .^facv.. 

{See  mental     under   Suffixes,  H  125) 

99      splash,  supply,  supple,  settle,  settlement,  splint,  split 

ft^S  fa fi P P- pL~~fa 

100-  spat,  spratt;  spy,  spry;  stay,    stray;  stew,    strew;  construe,  stuck, 

£ k u. q* %, %, m. 


struck;  stoke,   stroke;   stifle,  strip 

HA £0 10. EUly 

101.  blow,  below,   bellow;  flow,   flock,     folly,     follow,    fellow,     folio; 

Ck.....6&. L^&...p ^2 ^,.....^.....^h.....^£.H. 

pluck,  plural,  plea,  platter;  peal-peel,    pail,    palate;      pray,     pair-pare- 

£M ..../^...fa...fias> /*&. ^-./f^l^/^^J^^/mx 

123 


(101.  conel'd) 

pear;   park,  parquet;   proud,  power;  prose,  pores-pours,  porous. 

froJ\  /uxha    JJ3  /u>*i   fi&.^Aat% /U0%u, 

102  104-  k  Capitals. 

alk.blk.clk.&c  '  u 

A^.UVW^2:. 

r-hook,  nn  &&J-.ziHKir\.A\n<y..?%i.i?\ 

ark,brk.crk,&c.  '  u 

g  Capitals. 

i-hook,^  MMM)n^X^tt 

alg,blg,clg,&c.  ' 

Jravcvc/^i 

r.hook.d.(8  ^ftT^XHTAMn/YPK 

arg,brg,crg,&c. 

^fuvw^z 


Double-lengths 


n      g,  tsuituic-i  engine. 

\s.h.jk.A hAf <???  //  kkAK  v^ 

blb-brb.dld.drd;      ]}    V        /     1  /    / 

argue-ment,  brocade,  brigade,  blockade,  blackguard  placard-ed-ing, 

A  ^  1H   $h  ?H      &    mywm 

Pittsburg,    Cobourg.     Bridgeburg,    flagrant,    fragrant,     refraction,    re- 

/^(g  .     co®       Ijr®         #JL yk.„     ^ 


124 


(102  104.  concl'd) 

flection,     inflect-inflict-ed-ing-tion,     deflection,    afflict-ed-ing-ing  the, 

--^     ttttt <L 3L5^L2l. 


conflagration,     contract-ed-ing-tion-tural,     detract,      subtract,    retract, 

%v0^_       5*7  V)J  3*    4? &7 ^7 

electric  (w.s  I    hark-ed-ing-ened,    milk-ed-ing.    mark-ed-ing  eting,  de- 

o£y  K   fts/Hft^  c4\  J\JA  W ...4J M A\ 

mark-alion.    Margaret,    relic,    reliquary,    relict,     direlict-tion.      execu- 

dA\dM^  M^tyorfiiM*  J\ d&tdJb^Jx^ 

trix,  balconv,  calico.      calculate-d-ing-tion,         calculus,    sar- 

casm,  sarcastic,    welcome,  \\ork-ed-ing-nian-manship 

bulbous,    dreadful,    George,     propose,    purpose,    proposition,   per- 

...    00    ^..../;/»>?;/b ^1 ^ 

haps,    probable-bility    (w.s  )     propound-ed-ing,  ,  prepayment,     proper, 
prepare-ation,      proportion,  (w.s.)  propagate,  palpable,  palpitation,  pal- 

/^>/^\^i/^\   l^H'hh^h 

pation,  trituration,  congregate-d-ing-ation, gregarious,  Gregory, McGregor 

"A  i.  ''   -  ^ 


125 


105-107-  f-v.   ImnltaffL  [fGo+C*  tkorA*  ^  J8?rfa  ifahtAi 

af-v,bf-v&c.  U     1/ 

./JcJC.ttwJvcf^«T/uQ|rA A»s>li ut&>.y!j^^% ^p....w>...6.-.. 

n-hook  .<^i/>.c^..<i,  £,  £,  k»  Q.  k,  .4,.AiiwJ.nif.«?A,... 

an,bn&c.  v    J  ' 

japtft,  4, 3^i..M»AeneauiA. ^...w?...(>... 

u  **  mn.nn.thn 

a CU Auk B,..^^^.c,^^/r.LZ^3px2nq 

akf-v,ak-n,agf-v,ag-n,bkf-v,bk-n&c.  « v 

&H.Sh&g?.fr/K>iUU^ 

af-v,  pave,   cave,    chaff,   calf,     laughing,   loving,   loafing,    stave, 

./#, £& ^.....CCU <£a. 2fiis£u*i..£k: £&.... 

stove,  rake-off,   take-off,   shake-off 

an,    pane-pain,    cane.    rain,  ran,  lawn,  brawn,  bran,     brain,  strain, 

/\3^ so*  m^fia*  J^ AjtQ. !L<u....!L?ft,...la». 

flagon,       wagon,        awaken-ing,      taken,        arraignment    or 
g4> u4.orrR4.wM'.  M*«Z/U^ 

arraignment    (n  omitted,)    attainment,    tainted,  shaken,  man 

„na» 'leL^tr.leu k^^^S,*^^^ 

bf-U,  above,   rebuff, 

,lr? dt.. 

126 


or 


105  107,  cont'd) 

bn,   ribbon,    Reuben,   Cuban,  bacon,  blacken,  rubicon,    bunion 

»fefe-.A*fc *J~h£Ljidk *w huJlb^ 


cf-v,  en,  kerchief;  kitchen,  chicken 

■**» 4, & 

df-v,  dnt  deaf-en-ened-ening,    defend-ed-er-ing.    defense,   defiant, 
defiance,  delve,  define-divine,  den-dun,  down,  deaden,  deacon,  Cardigan 

cfc* ch ci-- d^cLtfdzidfcjn.y 

dragon 
-Xft.VJ&Vjie&f,       beef,   chief,  even,  reef    -ing-ing  a,  ing  the. 

leavings,   grieve-d-ing    -ous-ance 

JU^o *^.i&.m^.!^..m^ 

~-?%4^>nien.  den,  lenient,   bean,    been-bin,  seen,       beacon, 

rA^ft^^ydz?.<LiJl&£,:7ku {p.. .^..y,..or    i.li«.fi 

deacon,  leaning,  meanings,     convenient-ience-iences-ly 

dLfix.JF: $&. m^jaa^r. \Yz£.9^...5^.&Q.5£'$. 

fvtfnf  favor,    ruffian,    telephone,   often-er-est 

127 


(105-107,  cont'd) 

gf-v,     telegraph-ed-ing-er-ist,     phonograph  er-ic,     photograph-er- 

ic-y,   pyrograph,  give-n-ing,  (w.s. )  graft-eding 

gn,   again,    regain,   wagon 

■a hn (XnM  or\AT 

hf-v,   behave,   heavier,   half,   behalf,  heaven,  hack-off 

\JL t!h. L iA..-..k^....M>.M..ti 

hn,  Henry,  harken-ing 

A0%.....Ahr>.ot..ti..,.rti 

if-v,   hive  live,  {adjedive)\\v<t,(verb)  beehive,   strive-n,    wife 

...hi...ii La.. U4Uj l^..%/b^Jar.^)ioi 

in,   line,  mine,  wine,  whine,  win,  decline-ing,  thine,  thin 
ju,  judge-of  ledge-of 


i- 4- 


jn,  region,   religion  (w.s.)Trojan,  virgin 

«£*$ # % V 

kf-v,    kick-off 

L 

128 


(105-107,  cont'd) 

If-v,   wolf,   self,    (w.s.)   slave,  solve,  shelf,  shelved 

^  Atrd J&nJ.d.A.d S&l 

In,        sullen,        talon,     gallon,      Helen,  melon  mil- 

saL.ox.JL L4, yfc  A&«h!%.m#,nirfm.hdZ 

lion  billion,  trillion,         cotillion,      Lillian,       violinist, 

-    [d*i&. kfoaJfc *M; k v€  %' 

lion-Jien,    alien-ist  ate-  ated-ator,  liken-ing 

t JtJ;  #  J&$tjzg£, &£~ 

mv.  move,   remove  (See  If  in) 

pv\i /W\»..... 

tnn,         amen.        stamen,   woman,  women,   minute,   per   minute, 

7hgtr-agf.lka  Cfl^a  q#gT»  <yy-a :Z2 ^j>_ 

nominate 

K/jm-  Jvwvp  or       I 

nv,nn,  nerve    -ous,  ennerve,  unnerve  known,  none-nun, 

m1.ox.^...^.+l^..eT..-?Vly urnJ Maw.  ?}^^f  ? 

of-v,       aloof,       roof,   proof,   rove,   stove,  cough,      offer,     over, 

Cfr^ffr.  /fr. ^ ^ C£ ^TrV 

plover,   clover,    rover,  proffer 

^ c&£ &£>£ 

129 


(105-107.  cont'd) 

on,  alone,  balloon,  habboon,   boon,    coon,    coccoon,    coin,     cone, 

J&>.Jj?&> Up, :.Up.....ctP d&tp, c^.ccp... 

renown,  crown,     town,     Townsend,     coinage,    lagoon,     dragoon,    rac- 

Kw..VHJp Icp \Jpi (^^J^jced^JlfftJl^ 

coon,    oaken,    Logan,  buffoon 

& &r (£, 

pf-v.  puff-pave,  cup- of,  approve, reprove,  proven, provender.prevent 
f\t.&fiAAih&...$Mflt...'fo fyy p^. flfi*~*f....3ka 

pn,  pen-pin-pun,-   Pecan,   pippin,  appended,  appointed,  compound- 

faorpjiefu*!^^  

ed,    proponent 

qf-v,  gu,   quaff;  quicken 

■* r 

rf-v,  rn,   hereof-hear-of,  riven-    roughen,  ruffian,   swerve,  deserve 
river,  recover-ed-ing-y  (w.s.)  relieve-ding,   unrelieved,    relevant-ancy, 

t£L.Jbtx.  7V\}V!\T\t^...  <h  A/.A5.^2i^^^ 

irrelevant-ancy,        discern-ing-ment,  turn,  return,  stern, 

130 


(105107.  cont'd) 

learn-er-ing,  cistern,    earn-urn,   rain-reign,   reckon,   reconnoiter 

\^tu&£^4^v^^^jir^  K ft? 

sv  is   usually  better  written  with  s  circle  and     letter  v; 
to,  with  s  circle  and  n  stem  or  n  letter:  sv&.snQrSorfft..,  nof$?dL 
gave. several (ws.) conceive,  receive,  deceive,  conducive,  dozen,  descend, 

V     v*  O    ?\ d^        (Ay  dyncL^   d^ 

sou-sun 
ZUtfAS 

When,  however  letter  s  is  capitalized,  the  hooks  are  used  for  a  foll- 
owing f-v  or  n :  Sake- of,   scoff;  skein  &c. 

A,    ^  4. 

sh-f-v;  sh-n,  shave;  shown-shun,  ashen;  shake-off, shaken, Michigan 

5&M^.y2^^.5^.j.^.^.M%. ^ - 

tfv,       retrieve        curative,     abortive,    restive,  narrative, 

Hfh ^x  H  *fc V*™^ 

plaintive, -plaintiff^  w.s.)     appointive,  corroborative,  furtive, 

captiveate-ated-ity,  executive,  expletive,   take  off -talk  of,  quantitative, 

s^j^j^p^    ^    \&"7,>yl>.^ 

131 


(105-107.  cont'd) 

qualitative,   putative,   effective-ly 

i*.*3x. 


In,    maintain,    written,     retentive,    tentative,    pertain,  appertain, 


piston,   Boston,    Pittston,    Preston,     Huston,  ratlin,  lighten,    brighten 


« h 

maintai 

•T^ \ t * ^ 

Boston,    Pittston,    Preston,     Huston,  ratlin 

lighten,  wanton,  mitten,        hesitancy,   tighten 

tt/-f  »»,     tough,    muff,  luff,   cuff;  bun,    impugn,  picayune 

...Lu» hOJ^JuUiJU^J^U^.^^. Q^ 

vf-v,  revive-d-ing-ify-ification,   convivial,    vivant,    bon   vivant 

..?^..^J^Jv&  (zV _ 

vnt   convenient-ence-ly-ces.    intervene 
.^....V^...^ 

wf'V               wife- weave,           whiff,  wharf 
l^.orr.OOrU  UJ£? jjj* z^?.. 

wnt    one-won,  win,  wean,         when  (w.s.  \        wine, 

-ui?. ^<#..^..<^*^ w cm?.01? 


whine,       waken  -  weaken,  awaken-ing,  wagon  -ette 

^ji, „ W z<r.i(f?:.\^.....\^0r\Ar 


132 


(105-107.  concl'd) 
xn,    explain-ing 

yv-ytt,   year-of    (w.s. )     yearn,   yarn,  your  own,   Yukon 

%  V *      y V"*C 

zf-v,  z»,   zephyr,   Azov;  zenith 

.•zh  ^or.^y^ 

108  conducive,         collusive,    elusive,    deceive,      receive,    passive 

di  ...*t.  Jy C^  ot  ^^^dt.ox.cktt^l^^ 

person,     dozen,    precentor,  decenter,    dissenter 

fakLotpM.  ..d^......fiL^.:..GteL^.....dA*~r*^.. 

109,  laughs,   laves,   loves,    leaves,   strives,   coughs,  captives,   mastiffs, 

£<b    Zet,  tfiAbfa*  %    u?.. c^. mfcX 

lines,  mittens,  kittens,  lens,  leans,  tunes   reddens,  awakens  Amer- 

....  Mo »W,  ^      &*...£$, iu^ h&t XAF.Tr&v... 

icans,  experience  (w.s.)  insistence,  persistence  (consistency  persistency) 

*>*&***-« if^.fy         g      fa 

110.  means,  meanness;  meekness;      weakens,    weakness 

/K?^^^;^vi^>; 4L» ur. at*.. 


reddens,  redness;  rudeness,  rudiness,  readiness.  &c. 

.......^.w £^..vJ?. &<4.>*j?. &£.vjs> 

133 


111,  know-of.    they-have,    may-have 
<sJP. .6 ,..^D 

112.  better-tban,    sweeter-than,  faster-than,   earlier-than,   sooner-than, 

Lrs. iu% Mb .*fai?^y^<*Zh 


quicker  than,   heavier-than 

Qfc        A*l, 

113.     men,       many;    hone,  honey;  loon,   looney;  fun, 

BlJLcst ,tyw^^yA, k^ 4» -£■"• k> 

funny;      sun,    sunny;  son,    sonny:  John,  Johnny 
or 


114-     (a.)    deed  of,. Gu.,  deaden,. CL,  ,  pi ppinA,    ,  tighte 


of,.Gu.,  deaden,  CI,,  pippinA,    ,  tighten. .v.. . 
dftr,  grftr,     hrftr,   pntr  &c.    day-after,    grafter,     herea 

d  ...,ni k A, dx ra L 


painter-pointer-panther,     tender,     pretender,        meander,  monitor; 

A        J    1 — — 

thunder,  gender-janitor,  engender 

£ 1 1 


115-     I-will,   I-have,  I-will-have 

ur       ic  Of- 


how-will,    how-are,   how-have 
P  1  0 


134 


(115,  concl'd) 

he-will,    he-have,   he-will-have 

P. 0 C 

whowill,  who-are,    who-have,    who-will-have 


have-all 


of-all 
.../' 


all  will,    all-have,    all-will -have 

/> & e 

115      Period,  Colon,  Semicolon,  Comma, Exclamation, Interrogation, Hy- 

/  / 

* > > ■■■ y x •/ 


pben,  Doubt,  Parenthesis,  Dash,  Caret,  Paragraph,  Quota  don  Marks,  Capitals 

...* ? 4 t as a Sfc u Z d^Md 

118-     Light  Stems,    p,     t,     ch.     k,     f,     1,       m,        n,      s,     sh,    th,     r 

a i /..^Lr.„o~^iJ k$? 

Shaded    Stems,     b,     d,     j,     g,     v,     h,      ng,      z,    zh,    dh,    w,  y 

120-     (a)  all,   allay,   (b)  elm.  elk.  like,  lack 
*.{$   a^>  .......   *&..*G£....(£I...f»Z 

135 


(120.  concl'd) 

(c)  folly,   follow,     (d)  foul,     fall 

££. C/s £... £ 

121-     repel,   review,  receive,    reduce,    reduction  &c. 

^ JSL-jl      A*     <&-- 

122>(*-)  *ir.  (b.)  ark,  arm,  ram.  (c)  pear,  purr,  (d)  parry.  Perry 

£\ ttA^v~ov-^  va-  v^ £>?.. ...\$/-.. 

123- (a)  r    stem:      refer,       infer,       wrecker,      buzzer  shipper 

~r -^r  *-= ^ p 

measure,         return. 
rd.  stem:  referred,   inferred,  record,    buzzard,      shepherd,    meas- 

«% ~1f  &    ^     p K 

ured,         retard,       compared,    florid    floored  stored 

*t<~^ A.«£^../^ faf &T &£■• 

{or)  compared  florid,  floored  &c. 

KKf 

123    (*>)  heeded,  needed,    derided,   abided,  loaded 

AL.&A-  &L..ci^*'ilL\^        

123-  (c)  °dd   saved  liquid,    wood 

&..<Xt.6/t..S6....2fy.{ff.2fys    L&  or  OJi 

136 


123-   (d)  flower,    flowery,   bur,    bury,   air,   airy, 

'§a\ §*£ l^...W/..^..da/... 

123    (e)  flower,   flowery,   bur,  bury,   air,  airy,    arrow,  borrow,    Leroy 

ytl. tef: .sW.~.l^^^t~ja4  ^v* M..~ 

124-  w,  .^...or.=>..  y,  ..KI.'..or.SX.. 

125-  alogy  1  |  > 

alogist 

ologist,  Jm.lJa3^^foi.\lto£^lJtt.J~%f 

alogical 

oloykad  IfipBtJ*  j  I »  Af  (* 

able,  ably;  ., 

ble,    bly,    ^.<rr^-XL.^ 

CkrCh  crrCh ij^.j  Xal/  <rr  \  :,    x>tr  or  i 

ability,       Art  _ 

ibility.^fi^^.c^.^.v^ax  ^..j,.or..^.p^Ug>.^[>kj  or\ 
bleness,  fulness,  .  n 

iveness,  lessness,  u*or \p  ;  te otSp.  i.VP.or.W  j^..<rr/^....VCQ^\/>.(7r.\w.j. 


(125.  cont'd) 

for,  fore,  "  .     , 

form,  ^[Mii^^a^  „ 

#J^ifa*K^$Xt*$*4 

^ft^^^  


magna,  magne,^ 

magni f. l!|flM|uaLJ«£££j5^ 


tt.)k>.Wi..^ysfafit3^'ttt.il^  

taiity.^^^^^^i^o 


men 


mentary,  cs.^J/cx ..J^l.o .J.^..^ 

ncial,  p    p  _ 

self.o^.^.oi.p^j.^^  j  p-^^^ .^ 

vfcyohfoSr-rfMs*  ./?.o^u^jW.^j«A^.i.Q^.e*.cr^i.o^v*firfi?Sio5j>. 

0^<?/\*,',?fr^Q^ 


138 


125.  concl'd) 

■df^»,y^.«^^|^.>S.;J^^Jk6^^^ 

selves,      6  ;       >  ui«p} 

ship, C^sjTys  i^s;  fys;  ^Si^V.W^.^.;X3S.j..c5Hs/3 

Urs  or  J3  .; Is  .;  MS  i 7V5  or  Mi  )  A5  or/^.^s  ;  .^  S 

worthy. .(  ;  U  •  Vw,  or  V_*  ;    ^  ;  sX  ',  tX^j, 

128-     Vowels  assigned 

to  first  place,     a  (short),    aw,  o  (short) i(long;  oi,   ow 

0 

a  a  °       A °  ■ 

Vowels  assigned 
to  second  place,      a(long)  o  (long)  e  (short    )u(short) 

-&         -6    JL  U 

Vowels  assigned 
to    third  place,   e(long)  i  (short)  oo  (long  and  short)  u  (long) 

-£=      **  o U 

130-     at>   ate.  eat>   hod,  hoed,   boy,  be  happy,  huffy,  hip,  apace,  apiece, 

I   I    ,     h    »    U 


with 


139 


(130.  concl'd) 

gasp,  justice,   science,  seance,   lobe,  alibi,  rash,  rush,    rich,    tell,  tale, 

till,  succor,    seeker,    lack,     luck,    look,  power,    pour,  pier,     action, 

igmfi^^A    £    jc    £ /* M    °L 


coutact.  conduct,    talk,  take,  ticket,   fire,  fear,  notice  induce 

131.     mamma,    mummy,    many,     Minnie,     enemy,     enamel,    namely. 


intention 

>*sJ2 


132.  xst.  Position, ^cd^yA/tfmn/i^^tCv^xyaL 

2nd  Position,  j;&.c(  ^k/ktyy\V\f\(hh  AS  \  C  V  WX  W  21 

133.  chap,    cheap,    damp,    dump,     nimble,     rang,     rung,    ring,  white. 


whet,    whit,  expand,   expound,   expend 
I 


«'  I £.         £  X1- 


140 


134  each  (ws)  chew,    ouch,   whay,   why 

135  ch,  c  3d  position;   mb.    m  3d;   ng,    n  3d;  wh,  w  jrf;  ip,  X  3d 

LONG   VOWELS 


143      Heavy  dot 

•I 

— -#.aj>in  ate, 

written, 
WELS 

{( 
l( 

,{ 

4GS 

•1 

.1. 

'1 

-I 

4 

1 

•I 
J 

'I 

-  t 

J 

vl 
'1 

1 

j.: 

©.as  in  ooze, 

SHORT    VO 

ft  as  in  at, 

.....<?..as  in  odd, 

DIPHTHOr 

A. as  in  isle, 

€        ■        -i 

as  in  oil, 

....|^..as  in  mule, 

Right-angle 
dash 

-d 

'I 

Light  dot 

* 

1..... 



Parallel 
dash 

- P 

Angles 

y 

X 

-~4-*& JL 

141 


alms,  ought,  at,    odd,  high,  oil,  out 

,45.  Ki-  «-aafei 'I * £ 11. 


ale,  ore.   egg,  up 

Second  Place,  *Jl..r.?\.:Q....)k\ 

eat,  ooze,  it,  hood,  pew- 
Third   Place, 


■J-zx-1 Hr% 

146-  ciliary,  superfluous,    confluent,  acquiesce,  bibliography, 

-**ftfc. £■ fc ^ ^ 

147-  canaille,  Orion,  dieresis, 

!*£ -5g efctu 

149-    VM^jr?*^ ISO.    i£ <&&*& 

151-     (a)  mar,  map,  tall,  hot.  ripe,  roil,    foul 

t±J$ 3J 3L*£^* 


(b)  leap,  lip,  whoop,   hoop,    mule 

Jr  i    rf-fr   ***** 

(c)  lame,   lore,   tell,   dumb 

JtL gsLbtdsL. 


152.     dole,  dull;  tale,  tell;   feel,  fill 

...M.M feO?.. 


^ 


142 


153      Play,/?.-.   Pray,^\r.&c. 

154-  dove,  done,  debtor,  lotion,   tent,  don't,  lament,  diamond,  peace, 

d'  ck  <4    j^. k  rib_j£ «£'"   ^ 

passes,  post,  posture,  late,    led, 

Jt&Sb&Sfcj: 

155-  soap,  set,  asset,  suspense,     assist, 

156-  assay,  easy,    pussy,  mussy,  fussy, 

157-  (a)  par,  tear,    tell,  take,  deck,  pigment 

E T £ 2>-JL 


& 


(b)  pour,  purr,  lock,  hook 

-fi* &■■■-■  Mr 


(c)  conspire,  tire,  lyr,e,  like,  Mike,  rebuke 

- - ^& 

158-  boquet,  Owego,  Oswego,  Mocha,  mica 

&-•    w **= ML* 

159-  mop,     mope 

Mf        tW- 

143 


Wtata,  tote,  tattoo,  rear,  roar,  error,     babv,    fife,    gag,  deadened, 

'• ... /■ i;. s^^  k  fr ?: ^ 

dead,  tightened,  tightening,  deadening,  deeded. 

3    l"      t     4    J^. 


144 


The  reader  is  now  in  a  position  to  appreciate  the  wealth 
of  Abbreviated  Longhand  in  resources  which  are  practical 
to  the  needs  of  longhand  writers;  that  a  most  substantial  use 
of  them  is  available  at  once,  and  that  with  nominal  applica- 
tion and  method  their  use  will  increase  rapidly,  thru  no 
further  practise,  necessarily,  than  that  derived  from  the  pur- 
suit of  one's  routine  work,  until  a  facility  is  reached  merging 
into  that  of  pure  shorthand.  It  will  be  seen  also  that  the 
varying  choice  and  circumstances  of  different  writers,  and 
of  the  same  writers  at  different  periods,  are  accommodated 
by  the  selective  features  which  characterize  the  method  in  all 
its  parts. 

Owing  to  the  wide  range  of  uses  which  the  method  is  thus 
designed  to  serve,  it  will  be  apparent  that  to  prescribe  a  com- 
mon standard  of  abbreviation  for  all  would  be  foreign  to  its 
general  scope  and  purpose.  As  explained  in  the  General 
Instructions,  at  page  22,  the  word  outlines  thruout  the 
Manual  have  been  given  in  the  forms  advised  for  ultimate 
adoption,  simpler  forms  being  substituted  by  the  writer,  when 
necessary,  until  the  ultimate  forms  become  familiarized. 
With  the  same  qualifications  the  reading  matter  which  fol- 
lows will  show  the  use  of  the  breves  representing  in  a  general 
way  two  styl^0  of  writing.  The  first  of  these  is  the  style 
comprising  fhe  forms  described  in  the  Introduction,  at  page 
17.  as  constituting  Group  1,  viz..  the  purely  elementary 
breves,  with  only  an  occasional  breve  of  the  groups  designated 
two  and  three.  The  second  rendering  in  each  case  is  that 
which  may  be  called  an  advanced  style,  showing  practically 
all  the  outlines  in  their  fully  condensed  forms.  Alternative 
forms  are  enclosed  in  parentheses,  and  any  word  signs  and 
phrases  used  are  indicated  by  the  double  lines  shown  under- 
neath the  outlines. 

145 


KEY  TO  READING  MATTER  AT  PAGE  148. 
Business  Letter. 

We  are  in  receipt  of  your  favor  of  the  10th  inst.,  and  in  reply  beg 
leava  to  say  that  owing  to  the  rush  of  work  occasioned  by  the  heavy 
fill  trade  there  has  been  a  slight  delay  in  getting  the  successive  ship- 
ments out  as  expected.  We  have,  however,  completed  your  order  at  the 
factory  now,  and  can  promise  further  consignments  with  such  expedi- 
tion as  will  meet  your  requirements.  Trusting  this  will  relieve  you  of 
the  embarrassments  which  you  mention,  and  ensure  your  meeting  the 
demands  of  your  local  market,  we  remain,       Yours  very  truly, 

Facts  Worth  Knowing. 

It  is  not  what  people  eat,  but  what  they  digest,  that  makes  them 
strong.  It  is  not  what  they  gain,  but  what  they  save,  that  makes  them 
rich.  It  is  not  what  they  read,  but  what  they  remember,  that  makes 
them  learned.  It  is  not  what  they  profess,  but  what  they  -practise  that 
makes  them  good. 

Extracts  from  Articles  on  Spslling  Reform. 

The  question,  then,  that  will  have  to  be  answered  sooner  or  Jater 
is  this:  "Can  this  unsystematic  system  of  spelling  English  be  allowed 
to  go  on  forever?"  Is  every  Englisn  child,  as  compared  with  other 
children,  to  be  mulcted  in  two  or  three  years  of  his  life  in  order  to 
learn  it!  Are  the  lower  classes  to  go  thru  school  without  learning  to 
read  and  write  their  own  language  intelligently?  And  is  the  country 
to  pay  millions  every  year  for  this  utter  failure  of  national  education? 
I  do  not  believe  or  think  that  such  a  state  of  things  will  be  allowed  to 
go  on  for  ever,  particularly  as  a  remedy  is  at  hand.  I  consider  Chat 
the  sooner  it  is  taken  in  hand  the  better. — F.  Max  Mueller,  LL.  ]).. 
I).  C.  L.,  formerly  Professor  of  Comparative  Philolgy  in  Oxford  Dili 
versity. 

One  very  signal  vice  of  our  orthography  is  the  confusion  which 
prevails  among  the  representatives  of  the  vowel  and  diphthongal  uounds. 
It  would  be  bad  enough  if  each  single  vowel  character  were  only  used 
to  represent,  as  some  are,  four  or  five  different  sounds  otherwise  un- 
represented; but  when,  in  addition  to  doing  this  work,  each  tisurps  the 
place  of  others,  and  is  thus  burdened  with  a  duty  entirely  unnecessary  ; 
;tiid  when  diphthongal  forms  take  the  place  of  vowel  characters  an  1 
vowel  characters  of  diphthongal  combinations  to  an  extent  almost  un- 
limited, the  confusion  becomes  bewildering. — F.  A.  P.  Barnard,  LL.  ])., 
L.   IF.  D.,  S.  T.  D.,  formerly  President  of  Columbia  University. 

The  Englishman  who  has  learned,  in  the  true  Chinese  fashion,  to 
associate  every  spoken  sound  with  a  fixed  and  unalterable  symbol,  how- 
ever inappropriate  or  unintelligent  it  may  be.  no  longer  uses  his  ''ar, 
but  depends  sol  dy  upon  his  dye.  For  him  the  sole  question  is,  not  how 
does   the  word  sound,   but   how   docs   it   look.      He   learnt   his  symbols  by 

146 


heart  and  by  rote,  with  regard  only  to  their  visible  appearance.  His 
task  is  less  stupendous  than  that  of  the  Chinese,  because,  after  all,  a 
large  number  of  our  words  are  phonetically  spelt;  yet  it  is  remark- 
able that  it  never  occurs  to  him  that  there  is  no  reason  whatever  why 
they  should  not  all  have  the  same  merit. — Walter  W.  Skeat,  Litt.  D., 
LL.  D.,  D.  C.  L.,  Professor  of  Anglo-Saxon  in  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge ;  Fellow  of  the  British  Academy. 

Extract  from  "Sir  Roger  de  Coverley  at  Church." 

As  Sir  Eoger  is  landlord  to  the  whole  congregation,  he  keeps  them 
in  very  good  order,  and  will  suffer  nobody  to  sleep  in  it  besides  him- 
self; for  if  by  chance  he  has  been  surprised  into  a  short  nap  at  ser- 
mon, upon  recovering  out  of  it  he  stands  up,  and  looks  about  him,  and, 
if  he  sees  anybody  else  nodding,  either  wakes  them  himself,  or  sends 
his  servants  to  them.  Several  other  of  the  old  knight 's  particularities 
break  out  upon  these  occasions;  sometimes  he  will  be  lengthening  out 
a  verse  in  the  singing  psalms,  half  a  minute  after  the  rest  of  the 
congregation  have  done  with  it;  sometimes,  when  he  is  pleased  with  the 
matter  of  his  devotion,  he  pronounces  amen  three  or  four  times  to  the 
same  prayer;  and  sometimes  stands  up  when  everybody  else  is  upon 
their  knees,  to  count  the  congregation,  or  see  if  any  of  his  tenants  are 
missing 

As  soon  as  the  sermon  is  finished  nobody  -presumes  to  stir  till  Sir 
Roger  is  gone  out  of  the  church.  The  knight  walks  down  from  his  Geat 
in  the  chancel  between  the  double  row  of  his  tenants,  that  stand  bowing 
to  him  on  each  side;  and  every  now  and  then  inquires  how  such  a  one's 
wife,  or  mother,  or  son,  or  father  do,  whom  he  does  not  see  at  church— »■ 
which  is  understood  as  a  secret  reprimand  to  the  person  that  is  nb«ent. 


m 


.I^MAA^/rsjU^....<&^ 

&&...\. . 4&  if . | ....a%../....^...£^....^ 

(kg,  ,  ^dfk  ^.  eft  A/ ^ ...<?.' ..°..^.*-. .*£.A* .... 

./«i.;o../^...u.....^.J..r 

-4<^....<^ .  e  ..^ 

i^......^.....^....<^ 


4.../.. ,g,..M...C^..> e A«., .^vl  ..*.. 


148 


fc^QA^.  (A)qj\aA.^ 


*%j^^^ - 

y^uiM^y^ $&Atfw&^. 

&cAhcLcJ     / 

/.. .^..;..<^../().....cx^..A...|...  ir...y^../h^.../\.J^....o Ok  } 

lm>ZOo..7p^ ^.v..../U£..:^...^ 

<p.  (\,  4?  .1  M,  A  h£ «*..  *4  <^..jr.L^/  ... 


149 


«•      *=■ 


_^e  ...:..f , .^.^  ?  r  ..^, .^.  •  *<->. 

>^fr&£&^  k^M^t    4.  * 

/.  or  vi.  /-vu^  

150 


+L 


;....L..^.W£,r.x 

'JU    ^.y./^.sri.f H  ^M^^^^^pa^&^p^. 

'-S^^-^f^^ ^f.,° pA& 

.  A ■•■■<■■  4^c>  cu- i  fl  rf^^8** 

■f"      $  ■   ^■^^^*.-v"^A-te^,- 

^fvMi^jg.  ^jL^Ayrys ..,.; Lc^>va,c<t.^ 

1 4G?...Cfy  c .,?  hsQ   d>  ...    <^...<^^..C^.Ai?....cC..^...<£..x 

151 


fjb.j&fju-4  6  B  w A  >  wi'...c« s..r.^..A-__ 

.4Al>M.  :*A*,..X 

£..    ...  ..^....t  jL^  .  ..!j...v^.^'.| ^v.^..?:.^  . 

.w..^-..^.^  J.  A .....  a  O  -i  '   ■  ^  Hi 

.,r:....'....d...,....M/ ^.k-a  _^u ..,  J.eU  V  ?V* 

jcr*^^ s:  •/    ) 

,^ufe.../v^  fl^f    C^VAA^VC^    . 

1.  ..."  ^  O^H   .  A^^..^.:.C^^^.:? 

flWtm  .  ^.  ^/..(.  ^  _  .hbj   fa .;.  |j>(^. 
^..^..„lS^...J!....S^"...nAr.J  ..«^m*^.Ajl    PI/.4    • 

6iJh..^...0^..}...emU^yy^  c  ^  JL.di ..... y_ ... .4^. 

152 


•4&fflkjAxL.4?l*:.£.  •  ...-^....^...i...^...^....<j4^-"---^--^--4-r^^l^^> 
3 U/m?    i ASvvk  4\flJKjY-<»YvU^yw>    7  T\  ^yfe,  £ 

^j^J3fcja<6^ 5*1... dfajtjg.  .1..^.  .v....6.....sL....A.....M4..x.^ 

l^LA*w5  ....^...^/..Ht^---t"^-"--W...^. 

y..|ff.il,4..4, ^^JSft^BU^^-^^^fli. 

-, ■ 4  e.1 .  gv>  -    ^,.b. .7u..° .... A -v  I  . 


^lil.^ ^MHrV    -^. 

^      ^y}.,4^, $4^.+     4....'     '4,    Ci^ 

J6....1 <-S    ^o^.  (  .v    ^  


153 


. ~9 '     4  f  -or-*  -*»      Mr6>V* *" 

J. , i  UL| .r-  e  *if*>;jt iriifi). 


154 


GLOSSARY. 

''See  reference  to  Position  Writing  at  page  18;  also  1J27,  It  126  to 
135  and  Note  following  and  f!45.) 

Tb^  list  appended  will  afford  a  very  practical  means  or 
familiarizing  the  classification  of  words  in  the  three  positions 
corresponding  to  their  vowel  sounds.  The  list  includes  some 
1,500  words  of  the  most  frequent  occurrence,  and  is  repre- 
sentative of  as  many  more  having  the  same  roots  and  the  same 
vowel  sounds  in  their  accented  syllables,  and  therefore  the 
same  positions,  and  differing  only  in  the  several  derivative 
endings  which  are  written  with  one  or  another  of  the  adjuncts. 
The  words  have  been  selected  also  with  a  view  to  giving,  inci- 
dentally, a  further  exposition  of  the  use  of  the  adjuncts  for 
t,  d,  at,  nd,  mnt,  mnd,  k-g,  I,  r,  f-v  and  n,  each  of  these  ad- 
juncts being  carried  through  the  alphabet  in  combination  with 
a  single  consonant  preceding  it,  and  showing  substantially  all 
the  words  of  the  language  in  ordinary  use  made  up  of  the 
combinations  appearing  in  the  list. 

As  will  be  seen  by  referring  to  the  list,  each  consonant  of 
the  alphabet,  in  its  order,  is  accompanied  by  three  groups 
of  words,  one  above  the  other.  The  first  of  these  groups  con- 
tains words  of  the  first  position;  the  second  group,  words  of 
the  second  position,  and  the  third  group,  words  of  the  third 
position. 

It  is  not  intended,  of  course,  that  each  word  shall  be 
memorized  by  itself,  but  merely  that  the  grouping  of  the 
vowel  sounds  shall  be  learned,  so  that  any  given  vowel  will 
suggest  at  once  the  position  of  the  word,  remembering  always 
that  in  words  of  more  than  one  syllable,  it  is  the  accented 
vowel  that  controls  the  position.     (Iff  128,  145.) 

The  list  may  be  used  either  for  occasional  reference  or  may 
be  studied  with  a  view  to  a  more  speedy  mastery  of  the  prin- 

155 


ciples  involved,  depending  upon  the  rate  of  progress  sought 
by  the  writer. 

Particular  attention  is  directed  to  the  words  of  most  fre- 
quent use  which  can,  in  position  writing,  be  reduced  to  one 
letter  and  can  be  taken  up  very  rapidly  in  one's  work  because 
their  constant  repetition  fixes  them  very  quickly  and  surely- 
in  the  mind,  as,  for  instance,  the  one-consonant  words  by,  be, 
day,  if, .  few,  age,  lay,  well,  my,  am,  may,  aim,  me, 
on,  no,  in,  pay,  up,  are,  or,  our,  air,  sair,  say,  so,  us, 
see,  show,  she,  at,  out,  ate,  eat,  it,  to,  too,  they,  way, 
away,  ease,  &c,  and  the  many  other  words  having  two  or 
more  consonants. 

It  has  been  ascertained  by  calculation  that  more  than  one- 
half  of  all  English  spoken  or  written  is  made  up  of  about 
one  hundred  different  words,  consisting  of  these  one-consonant 
words  and  the  most  frequently  recurring  word  sign  words 
given  at  page  49.  Of  the  remaining  one-half  a  large  pro- 
portion is  made  up  of  the  word  sign  words  which  occur  less 
frequently  and  the  two-consonant  words  contained  in  the  list 
which  follows.  It  will  be  seen,  therefore,  that  by  getting  the 
short  forms  for  these  words,  so  limited  in  number  as  to  put 
but  a  moderate  tax  upon  one's  effort,  one's  range  of  abbrevia- 
tion can  be  made  to  cover  by  far  the  larger  part  of  the  lan- 
guage; and  the  use  of  the  abbreviating  principles  in  these 
special  words  will  soon  bring  them  into  ready  command  for 
words  in  general. 

(w.  s.)  The  Word  Signs  occurring  in  the  list  are  indicated, 
as  heretofore,  by  the  initials  w.  s.  in  parentheses,  and  are 
given  only  in  the  consonant  groups  which  make  up  their 
short  forms,  not  with  the  groups  representing  their  full  con- 
sonants. 

(o.  w.  s.)  These  initials  indicate  Optional  Word  Signs  not 

156 


given  in  the  list  of  Word  Signs  at  page  49. 

A  few  Word  Signs  and  other  words  are  written  arbitrarily 
out  of  the  positions  which  would  be  required  by  their  vowel 
sounds.  This  is  done  to  avoid  conflict  with  certain  other 
words  of  th?  same  consonant  outlines  that  would  not  be  dis- 
tinguishable in  all  cases  from  the  context.  The  words  so 
distinguished  are,  advantage,  in  its  word-sign  form,  (having 
for  its  accented  syllable  a  first  place  vowel,  but  written  iu 
the  second  position  to  distinguish  from  large,  written  with 
the  same  outline  in  the  first  position;)  another,  distinguished 
in  the  same  manner  from  no  otfwr;  do  from  did;  exclude  from 
experience  ;  other  from  their;  over  from  very;  truth  from 
true;  found  from  find :  own  and  any  from  no;  hereon  from 
herein. 

The  mass  of  .words  which  have  identical  consonant  out- 
lines and  position,  differ  so  in  meaning  that  no  confusion 
is  met  with  in  practise  thru  the  omission  of  their  vowels, 
since  the  context  shows  at  once  which  of  such  words  is  intend- 
ed. Exceptional  words  are  distinguished  by  inserting  a  neces- 
sary vowel  or  by  some  distinguishing  feature  of  consonant 
outline.  Advantage  has  been  taken  of  the  list  to  indicate  by 
initial  letters,  indicative  of  descriptive  terms,  the  two  or  three 
general  principles  entering  into  these  distinctions,  and  also 
to  illustrate  the  choice  of  outlines  in  other  respects.  These 
principles  are  few  in  number,  can  be  very  quickly  acquired, 
and  are  indicated  in  the  following  manner: 

(v.  t.)  The  initial  Vowel  Tick;  before  I,  r  and  s  taking  the 
form  of  the  elongated  up-stroke  described  at  ^28. 

(1.  v.)  Letter  Vowel  initially,  i.  e..  small  a,  e,  o,  u,  &c,  pre- 
fixed to  a  letter  or  adjunct. 

(L.  V.)  Capital  Letter  Vowel,  adding  a  following  k  or  g. 
in  words  like  act,  echo,  October  (w.  s.),  &c. 

157 


(tl.  v.)  Distinguishing  Vowel,  either  one  of  the  diphthongs 

i,  oi,  ou\  eu\  or  some  other  vowel  (to  distinguish  outlines  other- 
wise alike,  or  words  used  in  a  more  or  less  specific  sense,) 
being  usually  an  accented  vowel.  (See  U27.)  The  detached 
dot  and  d.ish  signs  are  very  serviceable  for  these  distinguish- 
ing vowels. 

(d)   Dipthong,  i.  e.  the  double  angle  described  at  T22. 

(f.'d.)  Final  vowel  Dot. 


Words  of  One  Consonant. 


1  ball  (dr)by,buy,boy(di;)  bow  (dv) 
object  (noun,ws) 

2  bay ( dv ) obey (vt) but ( ws ) bow 

3  bo!buoy(d) 

(dv)  object  (verb, ws) 


1  coy(dv)cow(di;)can(ws) 

2  come ( ws) echo (LV) 

3  coo(dr)cue(di;)cou]d(u;s) 

d 

1  had  ( ws)  dollar  (ws)  die  (dv) 
a  wed  (Iv)  add  (Iv)oid(Vv) 

2  do  ( ws )  aid  ( Iv )  day,o wed  ( Iv  ) 
eddy(vt.fd) 

3  did  (  ws )  due  (dv)  adieu  (vt.dv ) 
ado  (vt.dv) 

f 

1  half(w*)off(«*)fie(it;) 

2  for  ( ws )  form  ( ws )  foe  ( d  r ) 

3  if  (vt )  fee  (dr )  f  ew  (<  59a ) 

S 

1  guy(dr) 

2  gay,gave(w«)  ague  (vt.dv)  go, 
together  (ws) 

3  if(rt)fee(clv)few(T59a) 


J 


j  aw  (dr)joy(dv)  large  (•■«•*) 
age-edge  (vf)  Joe  (dv)  advant- 
age (few) 

Jew(dr) 

k 

oak(LF)ache(LF) 

key  (dv)  eke  (LF)  kingdom  (ws) 

1 

all  (it's)  aml(Zv)law(dv)  ally  (vt. 

dv)a\ley  (vt.fd)a\\oy  (vt.dv)lie 

(dv)oil(dv  or  vt)ov/\(dv) 

ale(vt)lay,allay(i'<.dv)low(dv) 

well  (ows) 

eel(dv)  will  (wJs)ill(vt)lieu  (1f59a) 

m 

from  (ws)my,am(vt )  mow  (dv) 
may,aim(t't)  member  (ws)  ohm 
(vt)homc  (v:s)mow  (dv) 
me,mew(dr)  improve  (ivs) 

n 

gnaw(dr)an(ws)own(n's)on 
(vt)  annoy  (dv)  now  (f59b) 
no  know 

in,knee(di')knew-new(T[59a) 
any(tos) 


1  liigh(dr)how(ira)aha(i't.<iv)  1 
filiov  (  vt.dv) 

2  hay(dv)hoe(di')  2 
.'.   Imi'fdr)                                                       3 

158 


pa  rt  ( ws )  Pa  ( dv )  paw  ( dv )  pie 
(dv) 

pay,ape(dv)up(vt)hope(ttw) 
pea,pew  (1 59a )  opportunity  ( tw) 


1  aqua(vt.fd) 

2  question  (ivs) 

3  quay  (pronounced  1cee,dv) 


1  are,br,arrow  (  vt.dv )  ire  ( dv )  wry- 
rye  (  dv  )  awry  ( vt.dv )  our-hour 
(ws) 

2  air (vt)ai vy(rt.fd) heir (vt) oar- 
ore  (dv) err  (vt)  ray  (dv)  array 

( r  f.dv)  her  (ws)  were- whei'e(ws) 
recollect  (ws) 

3  ear  (v<)  era  (vt.fd)  hear-here  (ws) 
rue  (dv) ewer  (dv) 


1  aaWjBigb  (d«  )iee(  to)  as-has  ( to*) 
assay  (vt  dv) 

2  ace(Ji;)say,so,us(vi) 

3  see,sue(dv)use(Jv) 

sh 

1  shy  (dv)  pshaw  (dv)  ash  (vt)  ashy 
(r*./d)shall(ws) 

2  show,shay(dv) 

3  she,shoe-shoo,issue(vi)usual-ly 
( «\s)  should  (ws) 


1  ought, at, out,tie(dv)toy(dv) 

2  ate(v<)toe(dv) 

3  eat(e/)tea-tee,it,to,too 


th 

1  thaw  (dv)  thou  (du)thy,hath(vi) 
that  (ws)  thank  (ws) 

2  they,oath(vf)  them  («:s)  worth 
(ws) 

3  thee,with(ws)the(ws)think(ws) 


1  vie(dv)vow(dv)avow(v£.dv) 
via(d) 

2  ever(ws) 

3  view(f59a) 

W 

1  what  (ws)  without  (ws) 

2  way,away(vtf)woe(dv)when(ws) 

3  we,  (ws )  wee  (dv)  woo  (dv)  would 
(ws) 


1  ax(vt)ox(v<)example(ows) 

2  exclude  (ws) 

3  experience  (ws) 


1  beyond(ws)young(ojt)s) 

2  yet  (ws)  yea  (dv) 

3  ye,year(ws)you-your(ws) 


1  was  (ws) 


Z 


3  ease,easy (/d) ooze ( dv ) zoo ( dv ) 
these  (ws) 


Words  of  Two  Consonants,  the  Second  Being1  t. 


b-t 

1  bought,bat,batty(/d)bite(dv) 
bout.about(rt) 

2  bait,boat,bet,abet(vi)abut(vt) 

3  beat-beet,  bit,boot,beauty(dv) 

C-t 

1  caught,cat,act(LF)cot 

2  coat.cutjOctober  (ws) 

3  cute,acute(LF) 


d-t 

1  dot,diet(d)doubt,audit(vO    • 

2  date,dote(dv)debt,edit(v*) 

3  ditto,ditty,duty 

f-t 

1  fought,fight,fat,fatty(/d)oft 
(vi)fiat(d) 

2  fate 

3  feat -feet,effete ( rt -)  fit.f  not7afoot 
(vt) 


159 


1  agate  ()Mgot,gout(dv) 

2  gate,goat(dr)get.gut(dt)>:ait'tv 
(d.fd) 

3  git 

h-t 

1  hat,hot,hight.Hoyt(dr) 

2  hate.hut 

3  heat,hit,hoot 

j-t 

1  jot 

2  jetjut 

3  jute(dr) 

k-t 

1  kite(dr) 

2  Kate(di;)Katie(dr./d) 

3  kit,kttty(/d) 

It 

1  lot,light,alight(ri)lout(dt') 

2  late.let 

3  elitp(rOHt,loot,lute(di) 

m-t 

1  mat.ainity  ( vt )  mot.inight.mij:  hty 
(fd)  moiety  (dv) 

2  mate.moat  ( dv )  met,empty  (  vt ) 

3  meet.mit,moot,mutc,inimediaio 
(us) 

n-t 

1  naught- nought,naughty(/d)ant 
a  unt.au  nty -ante  (/d) 

2  ain  't,note,net,nut 

3  neat,uit-knit,into 

P-t 

1  pat,apt(i;Opot,pout(dt>) 

2  pate,poet(d)pet 

3  peat,pit,pity,put 


q-t 

1    quite,quiet(d)quoit(dr) 
•J  qaote,equity(vt) 
3  quit,acqiiit(rO 

r-t 

1  wrought, rat.art  (  rt )  rot.right- 
wri  te.aright  ( vt )  riot  (d) 

2  rate.wrote-rote.rut, rutty  (fd) 

3  \\  rit,root,route 

S-t 

1  sought.sat, asset  (  rt)sty  (dv)  sight 

2  stay,sto\v  (dv )  set  .set  tee  (fd) 

3  east (Jt")seat,sit,soot,3uet(d) suit, 
stew(dr) 

sh-t 

1  shot,shout 

2  shoat(dt?)shut 

3  sheet,shoot,chute 

t-t 

1  taught-taut  (dr  )tat,tot,tight(dr) 
tout(dv) 

2  tote,tut 

3  teat,toot 


1   thought 


th-t 


v-t 


1 

vat 

•  I 

vet 

3 

veto 

W-t 

1 

watt 

•> 
3 

wait,await(cl 
wit,witty(/d) 

!)wct 

i 

X-t 

2 

exit 

y-t 

1 

yacht 

Words  of  Two  Consonants,  the  Second  Being  d. 


b-d 

1  bad,body(/d)bide(dv)  bowed 
(dv) 


2  bowed  ( dv )  abode  ( v  t  .dv )  bcd,abcd 
(vt)bud(dv) 

3  bead,bid 


160 


c-d 

1  cad,caddy(/d)cod,cowed(dv) 

2  code,echoed(LJT) 

3  cooed (dv) 

d-d 

1  dad,daddy(/d)  added (Iv)  died, 
dowdy  (dv.fd) 

2  aided (Iv) dead 

3  deed,dude(di) 

f-d 

1  fad 

2  fade.fed 

3  feed,food,feud 

1  gad,God,guide(1[l37) 

2  goad,egged(rt) 

3  good 

h-d 

1  hod,hide-hied 

2  head,ahead(vt) 

3  heed,hood,hued 

jd 

1  jawed(dv) 

2  aged-edged (vt) 

3  Jewed (dv) 

k-d 

2  aehed(LF) 

3  kid,eked (LV) 

Id 

1  laud(dr)lad,laddy(/d)lied(dv) 
loud  (dv)  aloud-allowed  (vt) 

2  laid,lady(/d)  ailed  (vt)  old  (vt) 
load,led-lead 

3  lead,lid.lewd(dv) 

m-d 

1  Maud(dv)mad 

2  made-maid,aimed(vt)mud, 
meadow  ( dv )  midday  (  dv) 

3  mead,mid,amid(vt)mood,moody 

(fa) 

n-d 

1  gnawed  (dv)  and  ( ics )  nod,owned 


(tvs)annoyed(vt) 

2  undo(dr)node(dv)end, 

3  need-knead,needy  (fd  )  nude, 
undue ( dv ) 

p-d 

1  pawed  (dv)pad,pod,pied(dv) 

2  paid,aped(  it)  hoped  (vt) 

3  heaped  (vt) 

q-d 

1  quad 


3  quid 


r-d 


1  rod,ride,arid(vt) 

2  aired(vt)rode-rowed>red-read, 
ready (fd) 

erred  (vt) 

3  read-reed,rid,rued(dv) 

s-d 

1  sawed  (dr)sad,sod,sighed(dv) 

2  said,sowed(dv) 

3  seed,seedy  ( fd )  sued  (  dv ) 

sh-d 

1  shad,shadow(dv)shod,shied(dv) 

2  shade,shady(/:d)shed 

3  shooed  ( dv) issued  (vt) 

t-d 

1  tied,tidv(/d)toyed(dv) 

2  toed-towed,Ted,Teddy(/d) 

th-d 

1  thawed 

2  thud 

v-d 

1  vied,void,avoid(vt)vowed, 
avowed  (vt) 

2  evade (vt) 

3  viewed  (dr) 

w-d 

1  wad.wide 

2  wade,wed 

3  weed,wfcedy  (fd)  widow  (dv)  wood, 
woody  (fd)  wooed 


161 


Words  of  Three  Consonants,  the  Last  Two  Being  nt. 


b-nt 

1  bonnet,banty(/d)  bounty  (fd) 

2  bayonet  (d)bent,bunt 

3  buoyant (d) 

c-nt 

1  cannot,can  't,count,county  (  ws ) 
account  (LF)  aconite  (LV,dv) 

d-nt 

1  daunt.had  not-hadn't  (ws) 

2  do  not,don't(ws)dent 

3  dint,did  not-didn't  (ws) 

f-nt 

1  font,finite(dv)fount(dv) 

2  faint-feint 

3  -nnityC/d) 

g-nt 

1  gaunt,ignite(vf.dv) 

h-nt 

1  haunt 

2  hunt 

3  hint 

j-nt 

1  jaunt,iaunty(/"d)  giant  (d) 
gentleman(ws) 

2  gent  (ws)  gentlemen  (ws)  agent 
(rf)junt 

k-nt 

2  Kent 

1-nt 

2  alienate,  (vt.d)  lent,lenity  (fd) 

3  lint,linty(/d) 

m-nt 

1  mount,amount(v£ ) 

2  meant 

3  mint,minute(nown)  minute  (ad- 
jective) 


n-nt 

1  anoint (vt) 

2  anient  (vt) 

p-nt 

1  pant,pint,point,appoint(vi) 

2  paint,pent,punt 

q-nt 

1  quantity  (ows) 

2  quaint,acquaint(r<) 

r-nt 

1  rant,arrant(e/)are  not-aren  't 

2  rent,errant(i>Orunt,were   not- 
weren  't  ( wis)  orient  ( vt.d) 

3  hereunto (ws.dv) 

s-nt 

1  sonnet,has  not-hasn  't(p) sanity 
(fd) 

2  saint,sent,assent-ascent(r£) 

3  is   not-isn't(/>) 

sh-nt 

1  shall  not-shan't(^)  shanty  (/d) 

2  shunt 

t-nt 

1  taunt,ought   not-oughtn't(rf) 
to-night 

2  taint,attaint(rt)tent 

3  tenet,tint 

v-nt 

1  vaunt,avaunt(y<)  vanity  (fd) 

2  vent,event(t'()vignc>tte 

w-nt 

1  waut,wont 

2  won  't,went 

z-nt 

1 -was  not-wasn 't(p) 
162 


Words  of  Three  Consonants,  the  Last  Two  Being  nd. 


b-nd 

2 

1  band,bind,bound,abound(vt) 

2  bcned,bend  2 

end 

1  canned,candy(/d)conned,coined 

2  caned,coned  1 

3  canoed (dv)  2 

d-nd  3 

1  dawned,dandy(/d)dined,denied 
(dv) downed 

2  dunned  1 

3  dinned,denude(dt>) 

f-nd  2 

1  fawned,fond,find-fined  3 

2  feigned,phoned,fend,offend(v£) 

3  fiend,found 

g-nd  l 

2  gained,gunned  ^ 

h-nd 

1  hand,handy(/d)hind(du)hound 
(dv)  l 

2  honed  z 

j-nd  3 

1  joined,adjoined(t-t) 

k-nd  3  thinned 

1  kind 

1-nd 

1  land,lined,island(vf) 

2  loaned(du)lend 

3  leaned 


pound 

pained,opened  ( vt )  penned, 

punned 

pinned 

r-nd 

rind,round,around(t't) 
rained-reigned,arraigned(«£) 
rend,errand  (vt )  earned  (vt ) 
rind,ruined  (  d)  renewed  (dv ) 

s  nd 

sand,signed,assigned  (  vt )  cyanide 

(d)sound 

send,ascend  (vt)  sunned,Sunday 

(fd) 
sinned,synod 

sh-nd 

shined 

shunned 

shinned,shindy  (fd) 

t-nd 

tanned 

attained  (vt )  toned,atoned  (vt) 

tend,attend(t't) 

tuned,attuned(v<) 


th-nd 


v-nd 


m-nd  l 

1  mind-mined,mound  2 

2  moaned,mend,amend(vi) emend  3 
( Iv)  Monday  (fd) 

p-nd 

1  pawned,panned,pined,opined(irt)  1  yawned 

163 


1  viand 

2  vend 

3  evened (vt) 

w-nd 

wand,wind,wound 

waned,wend 

weaned,wind,  windy  (/<Z)win- 

nowed,wound 


y-nd 


Words  of  Four  Consonants,  the  Last  Three  Being  mrt  ;.nd 

nrnd. 


b-mnd 

2  bemoaned 

d-mnt-mnd 

1  adamant  (it)  demand,   diamond 
(d) 

2  dement,Edmund(rf) 

3  demeaned 

f-mnt-mnd 

1  famined 

2  foment,feminate,effeminate(t't) 

g-mnd 

1  gammoned 

h-mnt-mnd 

1  humanity  (dv)  Hammond 

1-mnt 

1  aliment(vt)laminate(dr) 


2  lament, ailment  ( pt)element  (  vi ) 

m-mnt 

2  moment 

p-mnt 

2  payment 

r-mnt-mnd 

1  remand  remind 

2  raiment. remained.!  :'mined(W) 

3  ruminate (dr) 

t-mnt 

2  attainment (n  omitted,  rt) 

x-mnd 

1  examined 

z-mnt 

3  easement  (vt) 


Words  of  Two  Consonants,  the  Second  Being  k  or  g. 

(t.  v.)  Intervening  Vowel,  (see  1157  and  examples  There  given.) 


B,  k-g 

1  balk,balky(/d)back,bike(w) ; 
bag,baggj-(/d)bog,boggy(/d) 

2  bake,boquet(di;)beck,buck,be- 
come,became(ti's)  ;  bogie,  (tv) 
beg,bug,buggy(/d) 

3  beak,book;  big 

C,  k-g 

1  caulk,cock;cog 

2  eake,coke 

3  cook 

D,  k-g 

1  dock,dyke(u>)  ;dog 

2  decay-DeKa  y ( dv ) deek,duck  ;dug 

3  Dick,duke(it'),DeCue(d«)  ;dig 
dignity  (us) 

F,  k-g 

1  fag,  fog,  foggy  (/d) 


2  fake 

3  fig,fugue(dr) 

G,  k-g 

1  gawk,gawkcy(/d)  ;*:ag,agog(vt) 

3  gig 

H,   k-g 

1  hawk  (iv)  hack,  hock, hockey  (/d) 
hike(i'i')  ;hag  Hague,hog 

2  hug 

3  hick,hook,hookey(/d) 

J,  k-g 

1  Jack,jackie(/d)  jockey  (/d)  ;jag, 
jog 

2  Jake, joke; jug 

3  jig 

K,  k-g 

2  keg 

3  kick 


164 


L,  k-g 

1  Iack,laekey(/V/) alack ( vt )  Alick 

(rf)Ioek,like,alike(r<)  ;lag,la_;  yv 
(fd)\og 

2  lake.elk ( vt ) luck.lucky  (fd ) elec- 
tric (ws)  ;logiei(tt\/d)leg,lug 

3  leak.aleak (vt) lick.ilk (vt) look, 
Luke  (u);  league 

M,  k-g 

1  Mack.Maekey(/<z)mica(ir./d) 
Mike(u')  ;Maggie(/:d) 

2  make.Mackay(dt;)muck,amuck 
(iO;mug,muggy(/d) 

3  meek 

N,  k-g 

1  nack, knock;  nag 

2  neck; neglect (ws) 

3  nick,nook 

P,  k-g 

1  pack,pike  (iv)  pica  (iv.fd)  peculiar- 
ity (us) 

2  opaque  ( vt. u)poke,peck,epic(tr)  ; 
peg,pug 

3  peak-peek-pique,pick,peculiar 
(*'*)  5  P}g 

Q.  k-g 

1  quack 

2  quake 

3  quick 


R,  k-g 

1  rack.roek  ;rag,regularity  (ws) 
irregularity  (ws.rt)  argue  (vt.dv) 

2  rake,wreck.reeollect(w;s)  regular 
(  us )  irregular  ( us  vt )   . 

3  reek- wreak.rook;  rig 

S,  k-g 

1  sack,ask(vf  )sock,sky(dr)scow 
(dv)  ;sag 

2  sake.soak.suck 

'■)  seek.sick,ske\v(ds)  askew  (vt.dv) 
signify  (us) 

SH,  k-g 

1  shack,shock,sheik(i'i') ; shaggy 

2  shake.shuck 

3  shook 

T,  k-g 

1  talk,tack,attack-attic(rf)  Attica 

(vt.fd)  particularity  (us)  ;tag,tog 

2  take,tuck;tug 

3  teak,tick,particular (tt's)took ; 
contiguous  (ous) 

V-g 

1  vag 

2  vague,evoke(  rf.tr ) 

3  vigorous  (ous) 

W,  k-g 

1  walk;  wag 

2  wrko.a  wake  (vt)  woke.awoke  (  vt ) 

3  weak  -week,  wick  ;  wig 


Words  of  Two  Consonants,  ths  Second  Being  1. 

(See  T"~101,   157.) 

(h)  The  general  rule  for  deciding  when  to  use  a  hook  and 
when  to  use  a  letter  for  an  initial  I  or  r  is  made  sufficiently 
clear  by  the  text  and  accompanying  outlines  at  1101.  The 
inference  of  the  intervening  vowel,  there  referred  to,  can  be 
very  rapidly  extended  to  many  words  of  the  most  common 
occurrence,   even  though   such   intervening  vowel  be   a   long 

165 


one  or  a  diphthong,  because  these  words,  thru  their  frequent 
repetition,  soon  become  familarized  in  the  shorter,  hook  forms. 
Words  of  this  class  occurring  in  the  I  and  r  lists  which  follow 
are  accompanied  by  the  letter  h  in  parentheses,  as  an  indica- 
tion that  the  use  of  the  Hooks  should  be  favored,  instead  of 
the  letters,  for  I  and  r.  This  is  an  extension  of  the  general  rule 
at  "101  rather  than  exception  to  it.  It  should  be  remembered 
that  the  hooks  are  used  as  a  matter  of  course  when  a  follow- 
ing I  or  /•  coalesces  with  its  preceding  consonant,  and  that  the 
special  indication  for  the  hook  is  given  only  after  words  that 
involve  the  more  extreme  application  of  the  rule. 

(h.  i.  v.)  In  a  few  other  words,  outlines  may  be  short- 
ened by  combining  the  use  of  the  initial  hooks  and  the  inter- 
vening vowel  signs  mentioned  at  ^157.  "Words  of  this  clasu 
are  followed  by  the  initials  h.  i.  v.  in  parentheses,  signifying 
Plook  and  Intervening  Vowel. 


b-1 

1  ball  (dv)  bile  (dv)  boil  (dv)  bowel 
(d)  belong  (ws) 

2  bale-bail  (dv)  able  (vt)  ably  (vt) 
blow,bowl(dr)bell,beIow(dv) 

3  blew-blue,believe(w;s) 

C-l 

1  call,claw  (dv)eal low  (dv) Collie 
( dv.fd)  coil  (dv)  cloy  (dv) cowl 
(dv) 

2  eoal-Cole(dt.)clay 

3  cool,cloe(dv) 
(See  cl,cr,  *97) 

d-1 

1  a(ldle(^)dally(/d)oddly(iv)doll 

(/Odolly(/d)idle(fv)doily(dv. 
fd) 

2  dale(7nr)do1e(/it't')dell(/(it')dull 
( 7u> )  dai  ly(/d)  delay  (di-) 

'.',  dea  1  ( hiv )  ideal  (Iv)  duly  (fd)  dual- 
duel  (d) 


f-1 

1  flaw,  fall,awful(i;t)follow,f  oily 

(/d)offal(fOfly,file(dv)foil(dt;) 
foul -fowl  (dv) 

2  flay,fail,flow,foal(dr)folio(d) 
fe!I,fellow(di;) 

3  flea-flee,feel,fill(?0 full (h) fully 
(/d)fool,flew,fuel(d) 

sr-i 

1  gall(7i)galley(/Td)guile(di;) 

2  gale(7i)gaily-gala(/d)goal(/i) 
ogle(LF)gull(/i)ugly(LF) 

3  glee,eagle  ( L  V )  glue  ( dv )  ghoul 
(dv) 

h-1 

1  hall-haul(/i)hollow(dt;)holly(/d) 
high]y(/d)howl(dt>) 

2  hale (h) hole- whole (/i) holy  wholly 
(/d)hello(dr)hiilJ(7t) 

3  heal-hcel(7i)hill(/i)l)iny(/d) 


166 


jl  2 

1  agile  (vt)  jolly  (/d)  July  Jowl  (dv) 

2  jail(ft)jelly(/d)angel(ti's) 

3  jffl(»)  3 

k-1 

3  keel ( ft ) kill ( ft) 

1-1  , 

1  loll,Lisle(dr)loval(d)  2 

2  lull 

(See  U,  *96) 

m-1  ! 

1  maul(ftir)mile(ft) 

2  male-mail (ft) mole ( d v) mellow  2 
(dv)mull(dv)                                          3 

3  meal(ft)mill(ft)mule(dv) 

n-1  2 

1  annual(vf.d)nolle(/d)Nile(di)  3 

2  nail(/i)knoll,only  (ft)annul(vt) 

3  kneel  ( ft )  anneal  ( vt )  nil  ( ft  )  newell 

(d)  1 

p-1 

1  pall,pal,apple(it)Poll(dv)Polly 

(■dv.fd )  pate  ( dv )  ply,apply  ( vti.dv)      * 

2  pale-pail,play,pole,opal(vt) plain- 
tiff (tvs) 

3  peal-peel,appeal(  it)  plea  (dv)  pill, 
pull,pulley(/(Z)pool.people(M,'s)  1 


q-1  2 

1  quality(M\s)equality(u-s)  3 

2  quail  (ftir)  quell  (ft ti-) 

3  equal (vt.h) equally (vt.h.fd) 

r-1  i 

1  aural(rf)ralle(ftir)rally(/"d)rely  2 
( ft  .r7r )  roil  (  hiv)  roilv  ( dv.fd)  rowel  3 
(dv) 

2  rail  ( ft )  relay  ( dv)  roll  (ft)  oral  (vt) 
orally  ( trf./a)eari  ( vt)  early  (vt.fd)  1 

3  real-reel(ft)really(ft)rule(ft)ru]v  " 
(fd)  rill,  (ft)  aerial  (i;t.d)  3 

S-l 

1  slaw(dv)Sol(dv)sly(dv)8oil(dv)  3 

167 


slough  (dr) 

slay  (dv)  sail,assail  (vt)  sell-cell, 

slow,soul  ( dv )  solo  ( dv )  sully  ( dv. 

fd) 

seal,sill,sillv  (fd)  slew  (dv) 

(See  si,  *96) 

sh-1 

shawl,shallow 
shale,shoal,shell 
(See  sh-l,  *97) 

t-i 

tall,tally(/"d)tile(dv)toil(di>) 
towel  ( dv  ) 
tale,toll(dv')tell(ft) 
till  (ft)  tool 

th-1 

Ethel  (vt) 
thill  (ft) 

V-l 

valley, value  (h.dv)  volley, vile  (dv) 
vilel  v  (  dv.fd)  vowel  (  d)  avowal 
(vtd) 

vail-veil-vale,avail(vt)oval(vt) 
evil  ( vt )  veal.villa  (fd) 

W-l 

wall.wallow  ( dv )  wile  (dv )  while 

(us) 

wail,well,waylay(dv) 

weal  .wool, wooly, willow  (  dv  )  wheel 

(ft  omitted) 

X-l 

axle  (ft) 

excel  (ft  )exile(dr) 

axilla  (vt.dv) 

7-1 

yawl 

Yale.yell  ( ft )  yellow  ( dv  ) 

yule(dv) 

Z-l 

zeal  ( ft )  easel  ( ft )  easi  ly  ( h 


Words  of  Two  Consonants,  the  Second  Being  r 

(See  fflOl,    1~>7   and  Instructions  at  page   1<).">.) 


b-r 

1  braw  ( dv )  bar  ( hi  v )  barrow  (dv) 
borrow  (dv)  buyer  (dv)  brow  (dv) 

2  ba re-bear  (hiv)  bray  (dv) bore- 
boar  (hiv)  berry  (fd)  bury  (fd) 
brother-number  (  ws ) 

3  beer(7ii'v)brew(dv) 

c-r 

1  craw(dv) 
car,carry,cry(dv) 

2  care,acre(LF)core(d-v)ochre 
(  L  V)  ecrow  ( L  V.dv )  cur,curry 
(dv) 

3  euchre(LF)crew(dv) 
(See  cr,  *97) 

d-r 

1  draw(dv)adder(iv)odder(Zu) 
dry(dv)eider(iv) 

2  dray,dare,dairy(dv) aider (Iv) 
door  (/;)  odor  (Iv)  dory  (dv.fd) 
udder  (Iv) 

3  dear-deer(7i)dour(dv)during 
(u-s) 

f-r 

1  far(7i)afar(vOoffer(v*)fry(dv) 
H  re  (  dv  )  fiery  (  d  )  foyer  (  dv  ) 

2  fare -fair,affair(rO  faro  (dv)  fairy 
(/d )  fray  (  dv )  f  ore-f  our,af  ore  (  vt ) 
foray  (dv )  ferry  (fd)  f  ur,f  urry 
(fd)  furrow  (dv) 

3  fear,fcwer(dv) 

gr-r 

2  gray.gorc(dv)gory(dv./d)ogre 

3  eapor(/".F)ajTreo(>))cToar(dv) 
degree  (  ws  )  g  re  w  (  dv  ) 

h-r 

1  hurrah(/d)  Harry  (/d)  harrow 
(dv)higher-hire(dt/) 

2  liai  r  ( h ) hairy  (/d)  hoar  (dv)  hurry 


2 
3 
168 


hewer  (dv) 

jar(/i)ajar(vt) 

jeer  (7i)  jury  (fd)jwaior(ws) 

1-r 

larry  (/d) liar-lyre (dc) oiler ( 1 1) 

lower  (dv) 

layer-lair  (h)  lower-lore  (h) 

already  (ivs) 

leer(7i)leary(/d) 

m-r 

mar  (h)  marry  (fd)  marrow  (dv) 

morrow  (dv)  mire  (hiv )  miry  (dv. 

fd) 

merry  (fd)  more  ( // )  emery  ( vt.fd) 

mere(h)  immure  (vt.dv)  mister 

(ws) 

n-r 

nor  ( ft )  narrow  (dr)  owner  (»/-.>•) 
honor  (?-f)nij2her(dv) 
ne'er,nary(/d) 
near (h ) newer (dv) 

p-r 

par  (h)  parry  (fd)  practise  (ws) 
opera  (  vt)  pry  (dv)  prow  (dv) 
power  (dv) 

pare-pair-pear,apiary  (  vt.d)  pore- 
pour  (dv)  per  (ft)pur,i]pper('vn 
peer-pier,poor,pure  ( dv )  principal- 
le(ivs) 

q-r 

quarry  (fd)  quire-choir  (dv) 
acquire  (vt.dv) 
equerry  (vt.fd) 
queer ( h ) query (fd) 

r-r 

rare  (ft )  roar-rower,error  ( h ) 
rear(ft)arrear(ft)rhoor(di;) 


s-r 

1  sorrow  (dv )  sorry  (fd)  sour  (dv ) 

2  sayer.as«ayer(rfc  d)soar-sore.sir 

3  seer-sere,sewer(di')user(Jr) 
(See  s-r,  *96) 

sh-r 

1  shire(dt')shower(dr)azure(rf) 

2  share,shore,usher(rf) 

3  shear-sheer,sure,assure(i/) 
usury  (vt.fd) 

(See  sh-r,  *97) 

t-r 

1  tar  (  h)  tarry  (fd)  attar  (vt)  tire 
(dv)  attire  (vt.dv)tTy,tro\v  (dv) 
tower  (dv )  outer  (vt) 

2  tray,tear-tare(/i)  truth  (us) 

3  tear-tier,eater(Zt>)tree,true 


th-r 

1  author (vt) other (tcs) 

2  their-there-they  are,thoro( dv) 

3  either-ether,thru-thrcw 

v-r 

1  over(«.-s) 

2  vary (fd) every (h) very (h) 

3  veer 

w-r 

1  war  ( /» )  wire  (dv)  wi  ry  ( dv.fd) 

2  weigher  (dv )  ware  wear  ( h )  aware 

(  v  t )  wore  (  h  )  wo  r  r  y  (  fd  ) 

3  weir (h) wooer (d) 

y-r 

2  oyer(tf) 

z-r 

3  zero(di') 


Words  of  Two  Consonants,  the  Second  Being  f  or  v. 

(See  1113.) 


b,  f-v 

2  before(ws)buff,above(t;t) 
buffet  (fd)  bevy 

3  beef,beefy,bif 

C,    f-V 

1  eough,ealf,coffee,coif  (dv) 

2  cave,cafe(/d)  covey 
cuff 

d,    f-V 

1  doff,dive(dr)defy(dt') 

2  dove ( verb ) deaf , dove ( nou n ) edi- 
fy (  vt)  defendant  (  ws ) 

3  div\y,difference-ent(«'s) 

f,  f-V 

1  fife  five 

2  favor-able  (ws) 

3  fief 

g,  f-v 

1  gaff,guffaw(di;) 

2  gu  ff, govern  ( ws )  governor  ( ivs ) 


1 

2 
3 

hive 

hove,heavy, 

heave,hoof 

h, 

,huff 
J. 

fv 
f-v 

1 
2 
3 

jive 
Jove 
jiff  J  iffy 

1, 

f-v 

« 

1 
2 
3 

laugh,live,alive  (vt) 

lave.love.loaf 

leaf  -lief  .lea  ve-lieve,live,aloof  (  vt ) 

m, 

f-v 

1 
2 

mauve 
muff 

3 

move 

1 
2 

3 

n,  f-v 

knife 

nave-knave.enough  (  vt )  inf  er- 
inf  orm  ( ws )  never-Xovember  ( ws ) 
naive  (d) 

69 

p,  f-v 

pave,puff,puffy 

q,  f-v 

quaff 

r,  f-v 

rife,arrive(vt) 

rave,rove,rough,refer-reference 

( ws )  reverend  (  ws ) 

reef  ,reeve,roof ,  review  (H59a ) 

S,    f-V 
salve 

safe,save,sa  vior  ( ivs )  several  ( ws ) 

si.tncr(j«) 

(See  sv,  *  105-107) 


sh,  f-v 

2  shave,chef,shove 

3  sheave,sheive 

t-f 

1  taffy  (/d) 

2  tough 

3  tiff 

W,    f-V 

1  wife 

2  waif , wove,  whenever  ( ws ) 

3  weave,  woof 


X-V 


2  exclusive 


Words  of  Two  Consonants,  the  Second  Being  n. 

(See  11113.) 


b-n 

1  ban,bonnie 

2  bane,bun,ebony(rt)bony 

3  bean,been,bin,boon 

c-n 

1  eanny,acne(/>F)con,coin,canaille 
(d) 

2  cane,eone 

3  coon.eanoe(dt') 

d-n 

1   dawn. don, dine,deny,down,downy 

i'  den,dun 

3  dean, din, dune(dr) 

f-n 

1  i;'*Yn,f;in,often(vJ)fine 

2  fain -feign,fun,funny 

3  fin,finny. 

g-n 

1  gone,gown,began(w«) 

2  gain,again(t't)gun,begun(uw) 

3  miinea,begin(u«i) 


2  none,bonoy 

3  hewn(dt') 


h-n 


J-n 


1   join,January  ( «\s)imagine(OM;s) 
3  June,gin 


1  kine 

2  ken 

3  kin 


k-n 


1-n 


1  lawn.line,align(t'f)  lion  (d)  Illinois 
(vt) 

2  lane,alien(r<)lone,alone(t;<) 

3  loan, lion, Ioon,looney 

m-n 

1  man,mine,my  own(p) 

2  main-mane,mania(d)amen(vt.  or 
It>)moan,amen(td.  or  lv)men, 
many, money 

3  mean,moon,minnow(dt' )  immune 
(vt) 

170 


n-n 

1  non,arion(f£)nine,noun 

2  known,unknown(t;£)none-nun, 
onion  (vt.d) 

3  noon,ninny 

p-n 

1  pa\vn,pan,upon  ( vt )  pine,piano  (  d) 

2  pain-pane,open(i7£)pony,pen, 
penny 

3  pean(d)pin,puny(di;)  opinion 

(ws) 


q-n 


queen 


r-n 

1  ran,hereon(w;s) 

2  rain-reign,arraign (vt) earn-urn 
(vt ) roan (dv) run 

3  ruin  (d)  herein  (ws) 

s-n 

1  sawn,sign,assign(rf)scion(d) 

2  sane,seine,sown,son-sun,sonny- 
sunny 

3  seen,soon,sin 

(See  s-n,  *  105-107) 

sh-n 

1  ashen  (rf)shine,shiny 


2  shone-shown,ocean(Zi'.  and  shun- 
stroke) 

3  sheen,shin,shinny 

t-n 

1  tawn(dv)tan,town,tiny(dr) 

2  attain  (vt )  tone,atone  (v t )  ten,ton- 
tun,tonneau  ( dv )  oaten  ( dv ) 

3  eaten  (vt)tin,tinny,tune,attune 
(vt)between(ws) 

tb-n 

1  than,thine 

2  then 

3  thin,heathen(tt.   h  omitted) 

v-n 

1  van,vine 

2  vain-vane-vein,heaven  ( ws )  oven 

(tf) 

3  even(t;<) 

w-n 

1  wan,wine,whine(7i  omitted) 

2  wane,one-won 

3  wean,win/winno(di>) 

x-n 

2  Christian  (ws) 

z-n 

2  ozone(vt.tfi;) 


m 


INDEX. 


PREFACE 5 

INTRODUCTION   15 

GENERAL  INSTRUCTIONS    21 

Abbreviated  Longhand  distinguished  from  Shorthand L2 

Alphabet,   The   script    23 

Alphabet,  The  stem   41 

Beginnings,  .'onsonant  and  vowel,  distinguished 36,  74 

<  apitals,   how  indicated    41 

Capials  for  Adding  k  or  g 33,  1 G4 

Capitals  F  and  T,  with  intersecting  strokes,  distinguished :'.  1 

Choice    of   outlines    16 

Circle  for  s   35 

(  inle  for   ss    36 

Digraphs,   The    24 

Diphthongs    2(5,   73 

Double  Length  Letters  34,  74 

Endings,  consonant  and  vowel,  distinguished 36,  74 

Extracts  from  proceedings  of  New  York  State  Stenographers' 

Association  and  National  Shorthand  Eeporters'  Association....   3 

Final  Ticks  for  Long  u  and  for  ow 33 

F  and  T  Capitals,  with  intersecting  strokes,  distinguished 34 

f-v  and  n  Hooks   .' 39 

Glossary  of   Words   in   Position    155 

Hooks,  for  f-v  and  »  39,  169-170 

Hooks,  for  J  and  r  38,  165-168 

Hook,  for  ter 30 

t  Dot,  The   29 

Illustrative  Outlines 75,  21 

Initial    Vowel    Tick    27 

k  and  g,  Capitals  for  adding 33,  161 

I  and  r  Hooks 38 

Loop  for  fit : 37 

Loop  for  str 37 

m  and  it.  Optional  Stems  for  .  . 32 

172 


Index  concluded. 

ph.  c,  g  and  o.  Consonant  Values  of 24 

Phrases    62,   16,  17,  41,  46 

Position   Writing    18,  26,  46,  155 

Prefixes  and  Suffixes,  Special   43 

Punctuation  Marks   41 

Reading  Matter  and  Key  to, 145,  148 

Reference,  Arrangement  as  to ■ 22 

r  and  rd,  Optional  Stem  for 42 

Shun   Stroke ' 30 

Silent  Letters   26 

Special  Contractions   31 

s-Circle,  The 35,  74 

ss-Circle,  The  36,  74 

Stems,  Optional,  for  m  and  u 32 

Stems,  Optional,  for  r  and  rd   42 

si-Loop,  The   37 

str-Loop,  The   37 

Strokes,  for  t,  d;  nt,  nd;  ted,  ded;  mut,mud, 28,  159-164 

Stroke,  for  Shun 30 

Ter   Hook    30 

Ter  on  Curved  Stems 30,  33 

' <  Three  Hundred  Words, ' '   The    23 

Unvovvelled  Outlines   26 

Vowels,  The  Script  Letter 25 

Vowels,   Detached    71,  18,  29 

Word   Signs    49,  57,  16,  17,  41,  46,  157 

Words  Specially  Distinguished 60 

10  and  i/,  Short  Signs  for 43 


113 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 

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Form  L9-25m-9,'47(A5618)444 


A  x 

LOS  ANGELES 

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Z56   Weaver  - 
W37a  Abbreviated 
longhand. 


A  000  570  401  o 


Z56 
W37a 


r 


